The Changing Role Of The City Centre In Adelaide And Melbourne

It is not too often that sufficient similarities and comparable data enable us to make significant comparisons between the central areas of Australian capital cities. This article presents such material about Adelaide and Melbourne. In particular, it takes advantage of floorspace and employment surveys carried out in these central areas in 1987 and 1992 to identify not only trends but important points of similarity and difference. Some of the more important reasons for these changes are canvassed in the context of current literature. The different policy responses of the two state governments and central city authorities are also examined as there has been a change in both cities to a state Liberal government following Labor governments which have incurred heavy financial losses and increased state debt.     

Correlation between in vitro and in vivo parameters of commercial paracetamol tablets

Three leading and competitive commercial products of paracetamol tablets coded as brands A, B and C (A, being the innovator product) in the country were evaluated for their in vitro properties and in vivo comparative bioavailability. The studies included chemical equivalence, hardness, disintegration time, dissolution rate and systemic availability among eight healthy volunteers. The disintegration times were 2.1 min for brand A, 5.7 min for brand B and 36.2 min for brand C. The dissolution rate (T70) were 33.0 min, 74.5 min and 56.5 min for brands A, B and C, respectively. While brand A passed all the in vitro tests as specified in the official monograph, brand B failed only the dissolution rate test and brand C failed both the disintegration and dissolution tests. These significant differences observed among the products after in vitro tests were not reflected in the in vivo availability. While the absorption rate (indicated by tmax) of brand C was significantly faster (i.e. shorter) than those of Brands A and B, the extent of absorption (indicated by AUC) was comparable among the three brands. The relative bioavailabilities (with respect to brand A) were 92 and 91% for brands B and C, respectively indicating that the products were bioequivalent. Comparison of the in vitro and in vivo data suggest that the systemic absorption of paracetamol may not be dissolution--rate limited and that using in vitro dissolution rate studies alone to establish bioequivalency of paracetamol tablets should be done with caution.     

Surface activation using oxygen and nitrogen radical for Ge-Si Avalanche photodiode integration

In this work, an alternative method for producing the single crystalline Ge-Si Avalanche photodiodes (APD) with low thermal budget was investigated. Structural and electrical investigations show that low temperature Ge to Si wafer bonding can be used to achieve successful APD integration. Based on the surface chemistry of the Ge layer, the buried interfaces were investigated using high resolution transmission electron microscopy as a function of surface activation after low temperature annealing at 200 and 300 °C. The hetero-interface was characterized by measuring forward and reverse currents.     

Performance of Tube and Plate Fiberglass Composite Bridge Deck

A composite bridge deck system assembled from glass∕polyester pultruded components has been developed. This system utilizes square tubes running transverse to the traffic direction, mechanically fastened and bonded together, and flat cover plates bonded to the tubes with an epoxy adhesive and through-anchored to the deck support structure using mechanical connectors. A 4.27 × 1.22 m section of the deck system integrally connected to the superstructure at a 1.2 m girder spacing was tested to failure under a single patch loading. The results indicate a factor of safety of 4 on strength and a deflection-to-span ratio of about L∕300. Another section of the deck was fatigued to 3,000,000 cycles under service loading at a load ratio of R = 0.1 and a nominal frequency of 3 Hz. Results from these tests indicate no loss in stiffness up to 3,000,000 cycles. Following the fatigue testing, this section was also tested to failure; no loss in strength was observed. In addition, a finite-element model of the laboratory tests was developed. The results from the model showed good correlation to deflections and longitudinal strains measured during the tests.     

Rejection Thresholds in Chocolate Milk: Evidence for Segmentation

Bitterness is generally considered a negative attribute in food, yet many individuals enjoy some bitterness in products like coffee or chocolate. In chocolate, bitterness arises from naturally occurring alkaloids and phenolics found in cacao. Fermentation and roasting help develop typical chocolate flavor and reduce the intense bitterness of raw cacao by modifying these bitter compounds. As it becomes increasingly common to fortify chocolate with `raw' cacao to increase the amount of healthful phytonutrients, it is important to identify the point at which the concentration of bitter compounds becomes objectionable, even to those who enjoy some bitterness. Classical threshold methods focus on the presence or absence of a sensation rather than acceptability or hedonics. A new alternative, the rejection threshold, was recently described in the literature. Here, we sought to quantify and compare differences in Rejection Thresholds (RjT) and Detection Thresholds (DT) in chocolate milk spiked with a food safe bitterant (sucrose octaacetate). In experiment 1, a series of paired preference tests was used to estimate the RjT for bitterness in chocolate milk. In a new group of participants (experiment 2), we determined the RjT and DT using the forced choice ascending method of limits. In both studies, participants were segmented on the basis of self-declared preference for milk or dark solid chocolate. Based on sigmoid fits of the indifference-preference function, the RjT was ~2.3 times higher for those preferring dark chocolate than the RjT for those preferring milk chocolate in both experiments. In contrast, the DT for both groups was functionally identical, suggesting that differential effects of bitterness on liking of chocolate products are not based on the ability to detect bitterness in these products.     

A randomized, controlled trial of a behavioral intervention to prevent sexually transmitted disease among minority women

Using annual bite-wing radiographs, the incidence and progression of approximal caries (4d-7m) were assessed longitudinally in teenagers and adolescents whose treatment had been based on remineralizing rather than restorative strategies. A closed cohort of 536 children initially was followed from 11 to 22 years of age. The scoring system was: 0 = no visible radiolucency; 1-2 = radiolucency in the enamel up to the enamel-dentin border; 3 = radiolucency with a broken enamel-dentin border but with no obvious progression in the dentin; 4 = radiolucency with obvious spread in the outer half of the dentin, and 5 = radiolucency in the inner half of the dentin. Caries rates were estimated as the number of new lesions/100 tooth surface-years, and the Kaplan-Meier estimate was used to calculate the cumulative survival time of each approximal surface. Three events were used: the transitions from states 0 to 2, 2 to 4 and 3 to 4. The results showed a considerable variation between the surfaces in both caries rates and survival time. For all surfaces combined, the median caries rate from state 0 to 2 was 3.9 new lesions/100 tooth surface-years; from state 2 to 4, the rate was 5.4, and from state 3 to 4 it was 20.3. Of the sound surfaces (state 0), 75% survived 6.3 years without reaching state 2. Given state 2, 75% survived 4.8 years without reaching the outer half of the dentin (state 4), while given a lesion at the enamel-dentin border (state 3), 75% survived 1.3 years without doing the same. The median survival time of lesions from state 3 to 4 was 3.1 years. The group with DMFSappr>1 at the age of 11-12 years had a risk of new approximal enamel lesions (state 0-2) that was 2.5 times greater than that of the group with DMFSappr = 0-1.     

Influence of fat source and sorghum grain treatment on performance and digestibilities of high yielding dairy cows

Forty-eight lactating Holstein cows averaging 81 d in milk were allotted to eight blocks based on milk yield during the 14-d pretreatment period and randomly assigned to six treatment groups in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments for 64 d. Factors were type of sorghum grain processing [dry-rolled vs. steam-flaked; fed at 34% of dry matter (DM) in a total mixed ration (TMR) based on alfalfa] and type of supplemental fat (2.5% of DM as cottonseed oil, tallow, or prilled fatty acids). Compared with dry-rolled sorghum, steam-flaked sorghum did not affect milk yield, fat percentage, or fat yield but did increase milk protein percentage, body weight gains, and estimated net energy for lactation (22%). Fat source did not affect lactational response, but, compared with tallow, prilled fatty acids tended to decrease DM intake. Steam-flaked sorghum, compared with dry-rolled sorghum, increased digestibilities of DM, organic matter, crude protein, and starch, regardless of fat source. The TMR containing prilled fat had lower digestibilities of DM and organic matter than did TMR containing cottonseed oil or tallow; and TMR containing prilled fat had lower digestibilities of crude protein and total fatty acids than did TMR containing tallow. This study showed that steam-flaking of sorghum grain increased milk protein content, body weight gains, and estimated net energy for lactation, regardless of dietary fat source.