Effects and effect inference for a core Java calculus

An effects system can be used to delimit the scope of computational effects within a program. This information is not only useful for the programmer, but also can be used in the definition of a number of optimizations. Most effects systems have been defined for functional languages with simple state. Greenhouse and Boyland have recently suggested how an effects system could be used within Java. In this paper we take a core imperative calculus for Java, and consider its extension with an effects system, following the suggestions of Greenhouse and Boyland. We define formally the effects system and an instrumented operational semantics and prove the correctness of the effects system; a question left open by Greenhouse and Boyland. We also consider the question of effect inference for our calculus, detailing an algorithm for inferring effects information and prove it correct.     

Mass Balance Modeling of Heavy Metals in Saginaw Bay,Lake Huron

During the period 1976-1978, a study of hazardous materials in Saginaw Bay was conducted. This study included the fate and distribution of cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in the bay. A spatially segmented, dynamic mass balance model was developed to describe concentrations of metals and suspended solids in the water column and in the sediments. A wind-driven resuspension mechanism was used to describe the sediment-water interactions. The distribution of metals in the water column was determined by equilibrium partitioning between the ambient suspended solids and the dissolved phase. Model output was calibrated to field data for the principal variables. Independent validation was obtained by comparing partition coefficients from the calibration to those calculated directly from the field observations. It was found that suspended solids were important in controlling the water column concentrations of the metals. The degree of control was a function of the partition coefficient between the metal and the solids, and the concentration of the solids. Adsorption of the metals to the solids was found to result in decreases to metals concentrations due to net sedimentation, as well as increases due to wind-driven resuspension. On an annual average basis, the net flux of the particulate components of all four metals was from the water column to the sediments except for copper in 1977.     

A retrospective study of 375 patients with genital herpes simplex infections seen between 1973 and 1980

A retrospective survey was performed to study the clinical course of 375 patients with genital herpes simplex infections seen between 1973 and 1980. Genital herpes simplex is increasingly being recognized as a disease of the affluent middle class. Recurrences in this study were most frequently associated with emotional stress (85.9 percent) and by coital friction (66 percent). The enormous psychological burden of this disease resulted in 42 percent of the patients withdrawing from sexual encounters. The study suggests a relatively low index of communicability (25.3 percent) to sexual partners even though neither topical nor systemically administered therapeutic agents seemed to significantly influence the course of disease. When curves were constructed based on patients' statements as to when they experienced a period of protracted remission from disease, 50 percent of those with genital herpes simplex were found to be essentially free of frequently recurring episodes within seven years after the onset of disease.     

Prognostic value of cellular proliferation and histologic grade in follicular lymphoma

The clinical usefulness of histologic grading in follicular lymphoma (FL) is controversial and is further compromised by the subjective nature and poor reproducibility of most systems in current use. Therefore, we decided to objectively evaluate the importance of cellular proliferation in FL, along with the current grading systems. We studied 106 patients with FL who were uniformly staged and aggressively treated. A proliferative index (PI) was determined quantitatively using an automated image analyzer and a new Ki-67 antibody that stains archival paraffin tissues. The cases were also subclassified according to the Berard, Rappaport, Luke-Collins, and Jaffe methods, and survival analysis was performed. Patients with a low PI (< 40%) had a significantly longer overall survival (OS) than those with a high PI (> or = 40%), but the PI did not predict failure-free survival (FFS). The mean PI correlated well with the subgroups in each of the various classifications. All four of the classification methods were predictive of OS, but only the Berard method appeared to predict FFS and suggest that a proportion of patients with FL may be curable. In multivariate analysis, histologic classification was the only independent predictor of OS (Berard method: relative risk, 3.1) and the International Prognostic Index was the only independent predictor of FFS (relative risk, 2.3). We conclude that the Berard method for grading of FL is clinically useful and, along with the International Prognostic Index, should be included in future clinical studies of FL. The measurement of cellular proliferation does not appear to add additional useful information in FL.     

Children's conceptions of friendship: A multimethod study of developmental changes.

84 2nd, 4th, and 6th graders were administered 3 measures: (a) an open-ended interview, (b) a story-recognition task, and (c) a questionnaire about the importance of different characteristics to friendships and acquaintances. In general, friendship expectations based on dispositional characteristics (e.g., being considerate of others' feelings) increased in saliency with age, whereas characteristics referring to overt behaviors (e.g., sharing secrets) remained constant. Several substantive differences were found among the 3 measures. Ss recognized the importance of different friendship expectations before spontaneously reporting them in the interview. The recognition tasks yielded a more complete set of friendship expectations than the interview did. Ss of all ages differentiated between expectations for friends and acquaintances, but the degree of differentiation increased with age. Results support J. J. LaGaipa's (1979) hypothesis that children begin to differentiate among relationships prior to adolescence. (14 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Potentiation and restitution of the myocardial contractility of rats adapted to physical stress

Initial contractile amplitude of the myocardial strips determined the inotropic response to paired stimulation. The higher the initial amplitude -- the lesser the degree of potentiation and the greater the degree of contraction restitution. At equal amplitudes the myocardial strips taken from rats adapted to exercise showed a greater degree of potentiation and a lesser degree of restitution as compared to control. These changes appear to be due to the changes in the ionic transport in the myocardial cells.     

Audiogenic epilepsy in 101/HY mice at different periods of postnatal development

It has been established that mice of strain 101/HY suffer from audiogenic epilepsy seizures, the frequency and severity of which depend on animal sex and age. Mice were subjected to high intensity sound (about 100 dB) at the age of 14-16, 30, 60, and 190-270 days (Groups I, II, III, and IV, respectively). The testing was done three times. Mice of Group I were tested twice. The duration of sound stimulus was 20 s. Mice of both sexes from Group I were most sensitive. During the first test, the so-called "wild-run" behavior developed in 90% of animals and 60% showed tonoclonic seizure. Lethal outcomes in animals of this group (26.7% of the males and 23.5% of the females) were observed mainly during the second test, conducted one day after the first one. Only 6.7% of the males died during the first test in Group I. Severity of audiogenic seizure in males decreased with age, whereas among females there was a decrease in the number of animals with sensitivity to the sound stimulus. Among females of Groups III and IV, we did not detect any animals responding to the audiogenic stimulus by seizure and there were no deaths. Mechanisms underlying the audiogenic sensitivity of 101/HY mice are reviewed in the light of other information about the development of this genetic trait in rodents and in connection with other biological characteristics of these animals.     

Aggressive marital conflict, maternal harsh punishment, and child aggressive-disruptive behavior: Evidence for direct and mediated relations.

Direct associations between aggressive marital conflict and child aggressive-disruptive behavior at home and school were explored in this cross-sectional study of 360 kindergarten children. In addition, mediated pathways linking aggressive marital conflict to maternal harsh punishment to child aggressive-disruptive behavior were examined. Moderation analyses explored how the overall frequency of marital disagreement might buffer or exacerbate the impact of aggressive marital conflict on maternal harsh punishment and child aggressive-disruptive behavior. Hierarchical regressions revealed direct pathways linking aggressive marital conflict to child aggressive-disruptive behavior at home and school and a partially mediated pathway linking aggressive marital conflict to child aggressive-disruptive behavior at home. Further analyses revealed that rates of marital disagreement moderated the association between aggressive marital conflict and child aggressive-disruptive behavior at home, with an attenuated association at high rates of marital disagreement as compared with low rates of marital disagreement. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)