Physicochemical,rheological, and molecular characterization of colloidal gelatin produced from Common carp by‐products using microwave and ultrasound‐assisted extraction

The effects of ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) and microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) methods on molecular and physicochemical characteristics of the resultant gelatin were examined. Before extraction procedure, we investigated the optimum pH for swelling of Common carp by‐products, which is an important pretreatment for gelatin production. The highest swelling yield was achieved at pH 13 among pH 1–14 with unit intervals. Results indicated that the UAE gelatin has a higher gel strength, viscosity, melting point, and gelling point. The power and time of sonication showed a reverse relation with these characteristics. In addition, as the time of microwave heating was raised, the gel strength, viscosity, melting point, and gelling point were decreased. The FT‐IR spectra showed similar peaks but the Amide B in UAE gelatin slightly vanished. The electrophoretic pattern also revealed the higher gel strength and viscosity of UAE gelatin due to the higher intensity of α and β chains compared to MAE gelatin. It can be concluded from all of the results of this study that the produced gelatin using these procedures can be a good source of gelatin in food and drug industries.     

Differential quadrature application in post-buckling analysis of a hinged-fixed elastica under terminal forces and self-weight

Based on geometrically non-linear theory for extensible elastic rods, governing equations of statically post-buckling of a beam with one end hinged and the other fixed, and subjected to a terminal force and a self-weight, are established. The formulation is derived from geometrical compatibility, equilibrium of forces and moments, and constitutive relations, which characterize a complex two-point boundary value problem. By using differential quadrature method (DQM), the non-linear governing equations are solved numerically and the post-buckled configurations of the deformed column are presented. Results are plotted in non-dimensional graphs for a range of density and terminal force, and are in good agreement with available references.     

A Language for Content-Based Video Retrieval

We present an effective technique for automatic extraction, representation, and classification of digital video, and a visual language for formulation of queries to access the semantic information contained in digital video. We have devised an algorithm that extracts motion information from a video sequence. This algorithm provides a low-cost extension to the motion compensation component of the MPEG compression algorithm. In this paper, we present a visual language called VEVA for querying multimedia information in general, and video semantic information in particular. Unlike many other proposals that concentrate on browsing the data, VEVA offers a complete set of capabilities for specifying relationships between the image components and formulating queries that search for objects, their motions and their other associated characteristics. VEVA has been shown to be very expressive in this context mainly due to the fact that many types of multimedia information are inherently visual in nature.     

Three-dimensional FE analysis of ring rolling by employing thermal spokes method

This paper investigates the performance of the “Thermal Spokes Method” in modeling the effect of the guide rolls on the ring rolling process. If the guide rolls are not included FE, simulation encounters problems such as tilting of the ring and process instability. Thermal spokes are introduced to withstand any unwanted moment of the resultant rolling forces at the roll gap and to maintain the ring in a centralized location in the mill. By employing the thermal spokes method, much closer predictions for the lateral spread and flow patterns are calculated. This method is able to predict the tilting of the ring with respect to the stiffness of the elements of the adjustment mechanism. It is also possible by this method to predict the point at which the ring changes its support from one guide roll to another one and to study the deformation mechanism outside the roll gap. To verify the validity of the proposed method, the predicted results from this method are compared with some available references. Since the proposed method considers the effect of the guide rolls and consequently offers much closer predictions, it is a very suitable method for ring rolling simulations.     

Three‐dimensional fatigue crack growth modelling in a helical gear using extended finite element method

In this paper, the fatigue crack growth in helical gear tooth root has been simulated using linear elastic fracture mechanics. The extended finite element method has been used to simulate 3D fatigue crack growth and obtain growth path. Paris equation has been used to calculate the fatigue life of the gear. The modelling time has reduced considerably compared to previous works carried out on 3D crack growth in gears. Some verifications have been carried out to ensure the reliability of the results.     

Frame time-hopping fiber-optic code-division multiple access using generalized optical orthogonal codes

A new spreading technique for intensity modulation direct detection fiber-optic code-division multiple-access (FO-CDMA) communication systems is proposed. This new spreading technique is based on generalized optical orthogonal codes (OOC) with large cardinality and minimal degradation in performance when compared with a more optimum system, namely, an optical CDMA system using OOC with autocorrelation and cross-correlation value bounded by one, i.e., OOC (/spl lambda/=1). To obtain the performance of such systems, we use a communication scheme, namely, frame time-hopping (FTH)-CDMA with random coding. Systems with generalized OOC patterns and random time-hopping coding are close in structure and performance. Furthermore, the performance of such systems is near the performance of optical CDMA with optimum but low cardinality OOC (/spl lambda/=1), which further renders the practicality of the proposed technique with very large cardinality. Two new receiver structures for FO-CDMA, namely, chip-level detector with optimum comparator threshold and correlation receiver with an electrical hard limiter, are also proposed. The performance analysis for a binary pulse position FTH-FO-CDMA network is considered for the correlation receiver, chip-level detector, correlation receiver with an optical hard limiter, optimum receiver, and the two newly proposed receiver structures. The results also show that a chip-level detector with optimum comparator threshold is superior to a chip-level detector for received low signal powers, and predict that the performance of the correlation receiver with an electrical hard limiter is superior to all other considered receiver structures, e.g., requiring one third of transmission power to achieve a desired bit error rate when compared with other receiver structures.     

The effect of replacing oil with water and NaCl with KCl on soybean oil hydrolysis and oxidation in canned skipjack tuna fish at the end of the 18-month shelf life

The effects of replacing oil with water (0, 3, 6, and 10% based on total net weight of the product) and replacing NaCl with KCl (0, 50, and 100%) at different replacement levels were surveyed. Hydrolysis (acidity number), peroxide value, and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) index were evaluated at the end of the 18-month shelf life in canned skipjack tuna fish. Results showed that the TBA index was not affected, whereas the peroxide value was affected by replacing oil with water and NaCl with KCl (p>0.05), so that by increasing in replacing oil with water and replacing NaCl with KCl, the peroxide value was significantly decreased (p<0.05). Hydrolysis (acidity number) was affected by replacing oil with water (p<0.05); however, it was not affected by replacing NaCl with KCl (p>0.05). It was found out the best suggestion is 10% replacing oil with water and 50% replacing NaCl with KCl.     

Effect of Geometrical Parameters on Piezoresponse of Nanofibrous Wearable Piezoelectric Nanofabrics Under Low Impact Pressure

Piezoelectric polymers are potential energizers for wearable electronics due to the possibility of developing their yarns for various textile products. The present study is aimed at understanding the effect of geometrical parameters, viz., yarn linear density (measured as Tex), twist per meter (TPM), plying, as well as weft and warp density on the piezoelectric voltage of electrospun yarns of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) polymer and poly[(vinylidene fluoride)-co-trifluoroethylene] [P(VDF-TrFE)] copolymer. Yarns are developed by twisting and plying electrospun nanofibers and their mechanical and piezoelectric properties are systematically investigated. Relative advantages of the yarns of the copolymer with respect to PVDF in both aligned and random fiber geometries are evaluated. The studies show that piezoresponse of the woven nanogenerators can be enhanced by decreasing Tex and increasing the TPM, the plying number, and the fabric density. A record piezovoltage of ≈2.5 V is achieved through this work. The results of the present work can be used for the fabrication of flexible and breathable nanogenerators or sensors.     

Optimal Spectrum Management of DSL With Nonstrictly Convex Rate Region

Recently, the problem of optimal spectral balancing (OSB) for digital subscriber lines (DSL) with constrained transmit power has been solved using Lagrange's dual optimization technique and a weighted sum rate maximization (WSRM) approach. In many cases, the total power constraint is not binding. Although, this means a huge computational complexity reduction, the algorithm fails to reach certain points on the rate region (RR). In this paper, an in-depth analytical view of the WSRM approach is provided, and it is shown that when the RR is not strictly convex, the WSRM approach fails to reach certain points on the RR. Moreover, using N-dimensional geometry, a novel iterative facet dividing algorithm (IFDA) capable of reaching any point on the RR is proposed. Analytical and simulation results show that our technique is much more reliable and considerably faster than current algorithms. Moreover, it can be used for a wide range of problems which use WSRM approach, including OSB in the general case.