Measurement technique for the thermal properties of thin-film diaphragms embedded in calorimetric flow sensors

In diaphragm-based micromachined calorimetric flow sensors, convective heat transfer through the test fluid competes with the spurious heat shunt induced by the thin-film diaphragm where heating and temperature sensing elements are embedded. Consequently, accurate knowledge of thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and emissivity of the diaphragm is mandatory for design, simulation, optimization, and characterization of such devices. However, these parameters can differ considerably from those stated for bulk material and they typically depend on the production process. We developed a novel technique to extract the thermal thin-film properties directly from measurements carried out on calorimetric flow sensors. Here, the heat transfer frequency response from the heater to the spatially separated temperature sensors is measured and compared to a theoretically obtained relationship arising from an extensive two-dimensional analytical model. The model covers the heat generation by the resistive heater, the heat conduction within the diaphragm, the radiation loss at the diaphragm’s surface, and the heat sink caused by the supporting silicon frame. This contribution summarizes the analytical heat transfer analysis in the microstructure and its verification by a computer numerical model, the measurement setup, and the associated thermal parameter extraction procedure. Furthermore, we report on measurement results for the thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and effective emissivity obtained from calorimetric flow sensor specimens featuring dielectric thin-film diaphragms made of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition silicon nitride.     

Trichloroacetic acid‐imprinted polypyrrole film and its property in piezoelectric quartz crystal microbalance and electrochemical sensors to application for determination of haloacetic acids disinfection by‐product in drinking water

A molecularly trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) imprinted non‐crosslinked polypyrole (TCAA‐MIPpy) has been successfully prepared and evaluated in its properties for both piezoelectric quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and electrochemical means of detection, and application of such sensors for determination of haloacetic acid concentrations in water. Haloacetic acid selectivity was demonstrated in gravimetric or in electrochemical sensors via either cyclic voltammetric or inter‐digitated conductometric (IDC) analyses studies upon comparison with nonimprinted polypyrrole and TCAA‐imprinted polypyrrole. The measurement results with all these systems revealed that the prepared molecularly imprinted polymer can recognize TCAA well from structurally similar compounds. The TCAA‐MIPpy incorporated with only the IDC transduction system produced the specific signal for TCAA detection in aqueous environment, which is useful for the quantifying TCAA disinfection by‐product in water. The analytical application for determination of TCAA in real‐life samples was readily achieved with the incorporation of TCAA‐MIPpy in the IDC analysis system, the results revealing the high sensitivity and selectivity of the method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007     

Interface engineering of short-period Ni/V multilayer X-ray mirrors

Low-energy ion-assisted magnetron sputter deposition has been used for the synthesis of highly reflective Ni/V multilayer soft X-ray mirrors. A low ion energy and a high ion-to-metal flux ratio were employed in order to stimulate the adatom mobility while minimizing ion-induced intermixing at the interfaces. An analytic model, based on the binary collision approximation, was used in order to gain insight into low-energy ion–surface interactions as a function of ion energy and ion-to-metal flux ratio. The model predicted a favorable region in the ion energy-flux parameter space where only surface atomic displacements are stimulated during growth of Ni and V for multilayers. For a series of Ni/V multilayer mirrors with multilayer periods about Λ = 1.2 nm, grown with a continuous ion assistance using energies in the range 7–36 eV and with ion-to-metal flux ratios Φ_Ni = 4.7 and Φ_V=20.9, specular and diffuse X-ray scattering analyses revealed that ion energies of 27–31 eV produced the best trade-off between reduced interfacial roughness and intermixing. However, it was also concluded that an interface mixing of about ± 1 atomic distance is unavoidable when a continuous flux of assisting ions is used.

To overcome this limitation, a sophisticated interface engineering technique was employed, where the first 0.3 nm of each layer was grown with a high-flux low-energy ion assistance and the remaining part was grown with a slightly higher ion energy. This method was demonstrated to largely eliminate the intermixing while maintaining the smoothening effect of ion assistance. Two Ni/V multilayer soft X-ray mirror structures, one with 500 periods designed for near-normal incidence and one 150 periods reflecting polarizer at the Brewster angle, were grown utilizing the interface engineering concept. Both the near-normal incidence reflectivity as well as polarizability were improved by a factor of 2 as compared to previously reported data for an X-ray energy of E = 511 eV.     

采用遗传算法由电流环的近场测试识别辐射源

针对电大尺寸的电流环,通过遗传算法找到最佳等效基本辐射器.采用EMSCAN电磁干扰扫描系统进行电流环的近磁场测试,从而作出远场预测,并与仿真结果和半电波暗室的测试数据相比较.     

A Study on the Buckling Behaviour of Strips and Plates with Residual Stresses

During and after rolling or flattening of metal strips and plates the permissible deviations from flatness are described by the permissible absolute wave height and the flatness index. Both values can be determined on a measuring table while the material is not subjected to global tension. Because this procedure is expensive, time‐consuming and allows measurement only at discrete positions along the strip length, on‐line flatness measuring systems are used which can detect the distribution of longitudinal tensile stresses distributed across the strip width allowing for the calculation of the flatness index. This value does not always agree with the value obtained directly by measuring on the table even when the measurement of the longitudinal tensile stress distribution operates perfectly. It can be shown that the measurement of the tensile stress distribution does not give a direct indication on the wave height in the tension‐free state determined on the measuring table. To explain the relationship between tensile stress distribution in the strip and the flatness measurement on the measuring table, the buckling behavior is analysed both with and without dead load for simple symmetrical residual stress distributions resulting, e.g., from the rolling process. Based on the knowledge of the distribution of the longitudinal residual stresses across the strip width, the flatness index and the wave height can be determined by using a specialized finite element model. If the direct measurement is performed under action of dead load, large differences between the directly and indirectly obtained flatness index are observed. Below a certain limit of the intensity of the residual stress distribution the strips and plates lie flat on the measuring table. Above this limit the strip lying on the table exhibits post‐bucking deformations. In the latter case, the wave height increases with strip thickness and intensity of residual stresses.     

Dynamic linking of software components

Traditionally, dynamic linkers merely combined previously compiled pieces of code. Faster processors are now making outright code generation at load time practical, leading to cross-platform portability at very little extra cost. While the central idea behind dynamic linking is quite straightforward, it can be implemented through a surprising variety of strategies. The author contrasts three simple dynamic linking schemes with two much more elaborate strategies. The latter represent a workload shift from the compiler to the dynamic linker, just as dynamic linking itself represents a shift that moves the functions of a separate linker into the loader. Because the new techniques promise the profound additional benefit of cross-platform portability, they will most likely displace the currently popular linking-loader approach     

Enhancement of limited water supply network data for deterioration modelling and determination of rehabilitation rate

In the past decades, the main focus of water supply management has moved from construction of new water supply networks to rehabilitation and adaptation of the existing infrastructure. The decision-making process for the rehabilitation management relies heavily on the quality of the applied deterioration model. A recurring problem in the application of such models relates to the quality and availability of network data. These data are often incomplete or unreliable because building measures and damages are only documented properly recently and the recovery of older data is difficult and expensive. A key point in rehabilitation planning is therefore data collection and data reconstruction. Consequently, the aim of this paper is to present a methodology for the enhancement of the available data of water supply networks and the prognosis of the necessary rehabilitation rates under limited data availability. Results indicate that the presented data reconstruction technique has advantages as compared to traditional data extrapolation. It also allows the reconstruction of fragmentary data about existing water supply and wastewater collection systems for the operating utilities. However, it cannot be used for reconstructing failure types as well as the whole information on pipes (e.g. more than two missing information).     

Bewertung von Abfallbehandlungsverfahren: Entscheidungsunterstützung durch die neue VDI‐Richtline 3925

The new VDI guideline 3925 presents assessment tools for the comparison of economic, ecological and also social aspects of different waste treatment processes. Objective of the guideline is to describe the application of suitable scientific and technical assessment methods to waste management strategies. The methods, their applicability, complexity, opportunities and limits are illustrated using practical examples.     

Modeling the effect of a superabsorbent polymer material as desiccant in maize drying using CFD

Maize is an important foodstuff in many countries, and one of most susceptible crops to mold and aflatoxin contamination, which results in considerable postharvest losses and is a burden to consumers’ health, especially in developing countries. The timely drying of harvested maize is essential to halt mold development, ensuring safe storage. The effect of the incorporation of a superabsorbent polymer (SAP) as desiccant in a maize dryer was studied using computational fluid dynamics simulations which accounted for heat and mass transfer between maize, SAP and air. The adsorption capacity and adsorption rate of a commercial SAP material were experimentally determined at different temperature and relative humidity levels, which served as basis for the adsorption model required in the simulations. A maize bulk with SAP packages distributed in it was modeled. Results showed that the SAP material increases the drying rate substantially, particularly in the upper bulk zone where the air reaching it is dehumidified the most. The maize closer to the upper bulk surface starts drying from the beginning of the process instead of lagging for hours or days before the drying front reaches it. An inconvenience of the SAP material is the tendency of granules to swell and stick together as moisture reaches a threshold, which may reduce its performance. Thus, provided this issue is resolved or minimized, SAP materials could successfully assist the rapid drying of maize and other crops. They may also be used during storage to avoid rewetting of the crops during periods of high relative humidity.     

Relationship between solar radiation and surface distribution of vegetation in Fildes Peninsula and Ardley Island,Maritime Antarctica

The aim of this work is to produce a simplified vegetation map of ice-free areas of the Fildes Peninsula (FP) and Ardley Island (AI) thought object-oriented classification using a QuickBird satellite image and to evaluate the influence of the global solar radiation (GSR) over the vegetation distribution. The vegetation data were generated from multiresolution segmentation using the panchromatic and infrared layers, and for the classification we calculated the normalized vegetative difference index (NVDI) and the green NVDI. Two classes were created – Lichen and Moss Cushion SubFormation and Moss Subformation – with 48 vegetation samples collected on surveys during the austral summers of 2008 and 2009. We used a kappa index to evaluate the classification efficiency using 100 sampled points obtained in austral summer of 2013. The GSR was estimated, and in order to evaluate the effect of meteorological phenomena and cloudless, we measured the GSR using a net radiometer model CNR4 installed in FP between 2014 and 2016. The estimate of GSR was done for seasons of 2015, in order to estimate the light compensation point and the saturation point for the plant communities in FP and AI. The kappa index was 0.73 and the global accuracy was 0.78, showing consistency between the classification and ground truth. The area was covered by vegetation in FP was 16.7% and in AI is 59.1%. The vegetation cover is distributed differently at FP and AI, and our results suggest GSR plays an important role in vegetation distribution and these tendencies could be related to greater GSR demand by mosses when compared to lichens.