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961.
The nature of damage produced by low energy Ar+ ion and Ar atom milling in the II–VI semiconductors CdTe, ZnS and ZnSe is studied in detail by conventional and high resolution transmission electron microscopy. It is demonstrated that the damage consists of dense arrays of small dislocation loops near to each milled surface. When ion or atom milling of this type is used for thin specimen preparation prior to microscopy the loop arrays can seriously obscure images and so complicate their interpretation. This problem concerning the presence of artifactual defects can be greatly reduced by the use of reactive I+ ion milling for specimen thinning and, in the case of CdTe, spurious dislocation loop formation can be completely suppressed. 相似文献
962.
A Dielectrophoretic Chip With a 3-D Electric Field Gradient 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
963.
The relationship between hydrogen concentration precipitated as hydride particles and ultrasonic parameters, such as velocity and attenuation, was examined in Zircaloy-4 samples for potential applications in the Non-Destructive Test Field. Different amounts of hydrogen (up to 517 ppm) were introduced in the samples by gaseous charging. Ultrasonic attenuation measurements were performed with compressive waves at frequencies of 10 and 30 MHz, and propagation velocity measurements were performed at 10 MHz. Ultrasonic velocity showed an approximately linear increase with hydrogen concentration and it could be used as an assessment parameter when the hydrogen level is high enough. Attenuation versus hydrogen concentration has been fitted by a logarithmic equation at 10 MHz. At 30 MHz a fluctuating behavior of the attenuation prevented measurement of the hydrogen concentration. 相似文献
964.
We have used x-ray phase analysis to study the composition of the products of reaction between oxygen and nanocrystalline
powders with particle sizes 15, 40, 55, and 80 nm, and also specimens pressed (and sintered) from them. The powders were oxidized
in air at 100°C (400 h) to 500°C (5 min), while the sintered specimens were oxidized at 600–900°C for 15, 120, and 240 min.
In all cases, in the initial oxidation step the oxynitride Ti(OxNy) is formed, which over time is oxidized to TiO, Ti2O3, Ti3O5, TiO2 (anatase) and TiO2 (rutile). In the range 600–800°C, formation of a continuous oxide layer and conversion of anatase to rutile slows down diffusion
of oxygen in the scale. We have established that at 900°C, the growth rate of the scale thickness increases and so the reflections
from the oxynitride are barely noticeable on the diffraction patterns taken from the surface of the oxidized specimen. In
these diffraction patterns, along with strong reflections from the rutile, we also observed weak reflections from lower oxides
and anatase, which may be due to reaction between oxygen and the titanium ions diffused to the scale surface. We have concluded
that at T > 850°C, the mechanism for oxidation of TiN changes. This is due to superposition of counterdiffusion of titanium
ions on the diffusion of oxygen.
__________
Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, Nos. 3–4(448), pp. 72–78, March–April, 2006. 相似文献
965.
Jennifer G. Winter M. Catherine Eimers Peter J. Dillon Lem D. Scott Wolfgang A. Scheider Campbell C. Willox 《Journal of Great Lakes research》2007,33(2):381-396
Total phosphorus (TP) inputs to Lake Simcoe have led to hypolimnetic dissolved oxygen (DO) depletion and loss of cold water fish habitat. Since 1990, efforts have been made to reduce the total TP input to the lake below a defined target of 75 t/year, which was predicted to lead to reductions in spring TP concentration and improvements in end-of-summer hypolimnetic DO concentrations. The total TP load to the lake during the most recent period of record (1998/99-2003/04) ranged from 53 to 76 t/yr and averaged 67 t/yr, compared to an average of 114 t/yr estimated between 1990/91 and 1997/98 (range 85-157 t/yr). Reductions in TP loads from the catchment via tributary discharge (∼26 t) accounted for the majority of the decrease in total load between the two time periods. Total P concentrations decreased significantly in four out of six long-term monitored tributaries; however, concentrations in all six tributaries remain above the level recommended to avoid nuisance plant growth (30 μg/L). Although TP loads to the lake are currently below the target 75 t/yr, excessive growths of filamentous algae and macrophytes continue to be a problem in the nearshore zone. End-of-summer minimum hypolimnetic DO concentrations (average 4.3 mg/L, 1998/99-2003/04) remain substantially below the level (7 mg/L) that is considered protective of lake trout. Efforts to reduce TP loads to the lake therefore need to continue. 相似文献
966.
967.
968.
RM Bionta G Blewitt CB Bratton D Casper A Ciocio R Claus M Crouch ST Dye S Errede GW Foster W Gajewski KS Ganezer M Goldhaber TJ Haines TW Jones D Kielczewska WR Kropp JG Learned JM LoSecco J Matthews HS Park LR Price F Reines J Schulz S Seidel E Shumard D Sinclair HW Sobel JL Stone L Sulak R Svoboda G Thornton van der Velde JC C Wuest 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1987,36(1):30-36
969.
970.
B. G. Raghavendra 《Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff》1987,45(9):383-388
There are several areas in the plywood industry where Operations Research techniques have greatly assisted in better decision-making. These have resulted in improved profits, reduction of wood losses and better utilization of resources. Realizing these, some of the plywood manufacturing firms in the developed countries have established separate Operations Research departments or divisions. In the face of limited raw-material resources, raising costs and a competitive environment, the benefits attributable to the use of these techniques are becoming more and more significant. 相似文献