鲜酒糟加工食醋工艺研究

用根霉、生香酵母、醋酸茵为茵种,以鲜酒糟、棵子（粉碎后的高梁、豆类）和麸皮混合发酵５０－６０天,和产食醋,经精加工后不但可得优质食醋,还可获取较好的经济效益。     

Alkylation of Staurosporine to Derive a Kinase Probe for Fluorescence Applications

The natural product staurosporine is a high‐affinity inhibitor of nearly all mammalian protein kinases. The labelling of staurosporine has proven effective as a means of generating protein kinase research tools. Most tools have been generated by acylation of the 4′‐methylamine of the sugar moiety of staurosporine. Herein we describe the alkylation of this group as a first step to generate a fluorescently labelled staurosporine. Following alkylation, a polyethylene glycol linker was installed, allowing subsequent attachment of fluorescein. We report that this fluorescein–staurosporine conjugate binds to cAMP‐dependent protein kinase in the nanomolar range. Furthermore, its binding can be antagonised with unmodified staurosporine as well as ATP, indicating it targets the ATP binding site in a similar fashion to native staurosporine. This reagent has potential application as a screening tool for protein kinases of interest.     

H∞混合灵敏度控制在主汽压系统中的应用

主蒸汽压力是电厂热工过程控制中的重要参数,由于锅炉燃烧工况变化较大,主汽压对象模型具有不确定性,常规控制方法很难得到预期的控制效果。为提高系统控制品质,提出了主汽压系统的H∞混合灵敏度设计方法,给出了选择加权函数的具体方法,采用MATLAB软件进行仿真计算,得到H∞最优控制器。仿真结果表明,在对象模型参数发生较大变化时,与常规PID调节方法相比,H∞最优控制器能使主汽压控制系统具有良好的鲁棒稳定性和动态性能。     

Drugs and immunity: cannabinoids and their role in decreased resistance to infectious disease

Marijuana, Cannabis sativa, elicits a variety of effects in experimental animals and humans. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the major psychoactive component in marijuana. This substance has been shown, also, to be immunosuppressive and to decrease host resistance to bacterial, protozoan, and viral infections. Macrophages, T lymphocytes, and natural killer cells appear to be major targets of the immunosuppressive effects of THC. Definitive data which directly link marijuana use to increased susceptibility to infection in humans currently is unavailable. However, cumulative reports indicating that THC alters resistance to infection in vitro and in a variety of experimental animals support the hypothesis that a similar effect occurs in humans.     

In vivo electrochemical studies of dopamine clearance in subregions of rat nucleus accumbens: differential properties of the core and shell

The effects of the rodent hepatocarcinogens clofibric acid and diprofibrate on the activity of the peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidase, DNA synthesis, and apoptosis were compared in cultured rat and human hepatocytes. Rat hepatocytes expressed a 10-fold greater level of the peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidase compared to human hepatocytes. At the highest concentration (1.0 mM), both drugs induced a two- to threefold increase in this enzyme activity in both rat and human hepatocytes. Ciprofibrate (0.1 and 0.2 mM) caused a twofold increase in DNA synthesis in rat hepatocytes, whereas clofibric acid had no effect on DNA synthesis in these cells. In contrast, increasing concentrations of both clofibric acid and ciprofibrate produced inhibition of DNA synthesis in human hepatocytes. By using the terminal transferase dUTP-biotin nick end labeling technique, it was observed that 0.1 and 0.2 mM clofibric acid and ciprofibrate suppressed transforming growth factor-beta (TGF beta)-induced apoptosis by 50% in rat hepatocytes, but they had no effect on TGF beta-induced apoptosis in human hepatocytes. Although clofibric acid and ciprofibrate diminished TGF beta-induced apoptosis, they had no effect on the basal apoptotic levels in the rat hepatocyte cultures. However, both drugs significantly increased the percent of apoptotic cells in the human hepatocyte cultures. It is concluded that primary rat and human hepatocyte cultures respond differently to peroxisome proliferators. The differences in effects on DNA synthesis and apoptosis support the hypothesis that human liver cells are refractory to peroxisome proliferator-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.     

Role of the alpha-glucanase Agn2p in ascus-wall endolysis following sporulation in fission yeast

During sporulation in the ascomyceteous fungus Schizosaccharomyces pombe, diploid cells undergo differentiation into asci containing four haploid ascospores, which are highly resistant to environmental stresses. Although the morphogenetic processes involved in ascospore formation have been studied extensively, little is known about the molecular mechanism that ensures the release of mature ascospores from the ascus, allowing their dispersal into the environment. Recently, we identified Agn2p as the paralogue of the characterized endo-(1,3)-alpha-glucanase Agn1p, and observed that asci deleted for agn2 are defective in ascospore dispersal. Here, we focus on the cellular and biochemical functions of Agn2p. By placing agn2 under the control of an inducible promoter, we show that expression of agn2 is required for the efficient release of ascospores from their asci. Furthermore, we characterize the enzyme activity of purified recombinant Agn2p and show that Agn2p, like Agn1p, is an endo-(1,3)-alpha-glucanase that produces predominantly (1,3)-alpha-glucan pentasaccharides. Finally, we demonstrate that exogenous addition of purified Agn2p liberated the ascospores from asci deleted for agn2. We propose that Agn2p participates in the endolysis of the ascus wall by hydrolysing its (1,3)-alpha-glucan, thereby assisting in the release of ascospores.     

Gas-to-Particle Conversion in the Particle Precipitation–Aided Chemical Vapor Deposition Process I. Synthesis of the Binary Compound Titanium Nitride

Particle precipitation-aided chemical vapor deposition (PP-CVD) is a modification of the conventional CVD process, where an aerosol is formed in the gas phase at an elevated temperature, and particles are deposited on a cooled substrate. The synthesis of titanium nitride (TiN), using titanium tetrachloride vapor (TiCl₄), nitrogen (N₂), ammonia (NH₃), and hydrogen (H₂), by the PP-CVD process is studied. TiN is formed by a heterogeneous reaction, using TiCl₄, N₂, H₂, whereas simultaneously TiCl₄ and NH₃ react to form an aerosol. The activation energy of this homogeneous reaction is on the order of 100 kJ/mol. The powder formation process is determined by the dissociation of a titanium containing intermediate species. At low temperature differences between substrate and gas phase (i.e., < 2 K), only dense columnar microstructures, with growth rates of around 20 μm/h, are observed. At these temperature differences no particle deposition is observed. The layers are formed by a molecular diffusion controlled CVD growth mechanism. Porous coherent layers are found in experiments, where intermediate temperature differences are applied (i.e., approximately 2–10 K). The observed interconnection of the particles has to originate from a heterogeneous reaction. Apparently, under these conditions the heterogeneous reaction is fast enough, with respect to the particle precipitation rate, to interconnect the precipitated particles. A further increase in temperature difference between the susceptor and the gas phase only leads to loose powder deposits. In principle, the PPCVD process is a suitable method for the synthesis of thin porous layers of ceramics. To obtain uniform coherent porous layers two separate reaction mechanisms are required under the same experimental conditions. There should be a homogeneous reaction in the gas phase as well as a heterogeneous reaction, which is controlled by surface kinetics, in order to interconnect precipitated particles to obtain a coherent porous layer. Porous ceramic layers can be formed as long as the particle precipitation rate is slow enough with respect to the heterogeneous reaction rate.     

Gas-to-Particle Conversion in the Particle Precipitation–Aided Chemical Vapor Deposition Process II. Synthesis of the Perovskite Oxide Yttrium Chromite

In the particle precipitation-aided chemical vapor deposition process, an aerosol is formed in the gas phase at elevated temperatures. The particles are deposited on a cooled substrate. Coherent layers with a controlled porosity can be obtained by a simultaneous heterogeneous reaction, which interconnects the deposited particles. The synthesis of submicrometer powder of the perovskite oxide yttrium chromite (YCrO₃) by gas to particle conversion, which is the first step of the PP-CVD process, has been investigated, and preliminary results are shown. The powders have been synthesized using yttrium trichloride vapor (YCl₃), chromium trichloride vapor (CrCl₃), and steam and oxygen as reactants. The influence of the input molar ratio of the elements on the composition and characteristics of the powders has been investigated. Phase composition has been determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The powders have been characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and sedimentation field flow fractionation (SF³). At a reaction temperature of 1283 K the powders consist of chromium sesquioxide (Cr₂O₃), or a mixture of Cr₂O₃ and YCrO₃. At stoichiometric input amounts of metal chlorides and steam the formation of YCrO₃ seems to be favored. Two typical particle size distributions have been observed. The primary particle size ranges from 5 to 30 nm for small particles, and from 40 to 250 nm for large particles, depending on the process conditions. The particles tend to be agglomerated. The weight of the agglomerates is independent of the primary particle diameter.     

微生物附着力测试装置的研究进展

新型防污涂料发展迅速,因此需要更好的测试方法对其进行性能评价。生物在材料表面的附着力大小是影响其是否在材料表面形成永久污损的关键参数,因此建立对材料表面生物附着力的测试和评价方法对评价材料的防污能力具有重要意义。目前有几种附着力测试的装置,包括水喷射装置、层流流动装置、环向流动装置、径向流动装置以及湍流流动装置,介绍了各套装置的应用以及优缺点。