Novel Gas-Liquid-Solid Reactors

Multiphase reactors involving gas, liquid, and solid phases have several important applications in the chemical industry, particularly in catalytic processes. Some of the well-known examples are: hydrogenation and oxidation of organic compounds, hydro-processing coal-derived and petroleum oils, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, and methanation reactions. Due to the presence of three phases, the problem of reactor design is often important to achieve effective mass and heat transfer as well as a mixing pattern favorable to the particular process. The reactors are mainly of two types: (a) solid catalyst is suspended either by mechanical agitation or gas-induced agitation and (b) solid catalyst is in a fixed bed with concurrent or countercurrent feed of gas and liquid re-actants. The reactor types conventionally used in industry are: (a) mechanically agitated or bubble column slurry reactors and (b) trickle-bed or packed-bed bubble reactor. The various design and modeling aspects of these reactors have been reviewed by Satterfield [1], Chaudhari and Ramachandran [2], Shah [3,4], Ramachandran and Chaudhari [5], Shah et al. [6], and Herskowitz and Smith [7]. In several industrial processes these reactor designs are modified to achieve a certain specific objective, such as better heat or mass transfer, higher catalyst efficiency, better reactor performance and selectivity, etc. Similarly, specially designed reactors are often used for laboratory kinetic studies or to understand a certain phenomenon. Thus, novel multiphase reactors are becoming important from both academic and industrial viewpoints. Some of the recently introduced novel gas-liquid-solid reactor types are: (a) loop recycle slurry reactors, (b) basket-type reactors, (c) ebullated-bed reactors, (d) internal or external recycle reactors, (e) multistage slurry or packed-bed reactors, (f) column reactors with sieve trays or multiple agitators, (g) gas-induced agitated reactors, and (h) horizontal-packed-bed reactors. are being used in several new commercial processes, and various design aspects, such as hydrodynamics and mass and heat transfer, have been the subject of investigations in the last few years. However, no attempt to review the scattered information on these novel gas-liquid-solid reactors has been made. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to review important developments in novel gas-liquid-solid reactors. For each type of reactor, advantages, disadvantages, and applications are discussed. Further, the status of information on hydrodynamics and mass transfer parameters and scale-up considerations is reviewed. These novel reactor designs are being used in several new commercial processes, and various design aspects, such as hydrodynamics and mass and heat transfer, have been the subject of investigations in the last few years. However, no attempt to review the scattered information on these novel gas-liquid-solid reactors has been made. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to review important developments in novel gas-liquid-solid reactors. For each type of reactor, advantages, disadvantages, and applications are discussed. Further, the status of information on hydrodynamics and mass transfer parameters and scale-up considerations is reviewed.     

Effect of fretting amplitudes on fretting wear behavior of steel wires in coal mines

Given that fretting wear causes failure in steel wires, we carried out tangential fretting wear tests of steel wires on a self-made fretting wear test rig under contact loads of 9 and 29 N and fretting amplitudes ranging from 5 to 180 μm. We observed morphologies of fretted steel wire surfaces on an S-3000N scanning electron microscope in order to analyze fretting wear mecha-nisms. The results show that the fretting regime of steel wires transforms from partial slip regime into mixed fretting regime and gross slip regime with an increase in fretting amplitudes under a given contact load. In partial slip regime, the friction coefficient has a relatively low value. Four stages can be defined in mixed fretting and gross slip regimes. The fretting wear of steel wires in-creases obviously with increases in fretting amplitudes. Fretting scars present a typical morphology of annularity, showing slight damage in partial slip regime. However, wear clearly increases in mixed fretting regime where wear mechanism is a combination of plastic deformation, abrasive wear and oxidative wear. In gross slip regime, more severe degradation is present than in the other regimes. The main fretting wear mechanisms of steel wires are abrasive wear, surface fatigue and friction oxidation.     

HP nonlinear guidance law design based on smooth sliding mode control

To eliminate the perturbation of interceptor detection induced by aerodynamic heating,the head pursuit (HP) guidance law for three-dimensional interception was presented. The guidance law positioned the interceptor ahead of the target on its flight trajectory,and the speed of interceptor was required to be lower than that of the target. On the basis of a novel head pursuit three-dimensional guidance model,a nonlinear guidance law was developed based on smooth sliding mode control theory. At the same time,a special observer was designed to estimate the target acceleration,and a numerical example on maneuvering ballistic target interception verified the effectiveness of the presented guidance law.     

Synchronization and channel estimation for MIMO OFDM wireless LAN systems

A new preamble structure is designed for wireless LAN based on MIMO OFDM systems, which can be used for both synchronization and channel estimation. Modulatable orthogonal polyphase sequence is utilized in training symbol design regarding its correlation properties. The time synchronization and channel estimation are achieved by measuring the correlation between the received training sequence and the locally generated training sequence. Repeated training symbols are used to get carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation. It is shown from the analysis that the accuracy of frequency synchronization is close to the Cramér-Rao lower bound. The training sequences are optimal for channel estimation based on the minimum mean square error (MMSE).     

教育高校毕业生树立正确的职业观

正确的职业观对高校毕业生求职择业、指导职业活动和人生发展具有重要的意义。文中针对加强高校毕业生的思想政治教育,帮助高校毕业生树立服务人民、奉献社会的正确职业观,引导他们用正确的职业观处理求职择业和职业活动中的各种矛盾,选择科学的人生价值目标,重视人生价值的实现,服从社会需要,追求全局利益,发扬艰苦奋斗精神,从而引导高校毕业生提高求职择业质量和水平,并在职业活动中创造出不平凡的业绩进行了分析和论述。     

火电厂预应力框架拟静力试验与推覆分析

火电厂作为重点抗震设防建筑,理应具有较强的抗震性能,而现行＂两阶段＂结构设计方法无法提供结构在地震作用下的整体反应。本文采用静力弹塑性分析方法,利用SAP软件,结合我国现行抗震设计规范,分析了火电厂预应力框架在地震作用下的结构反映特性,并通过与拟静力试验结果的对比,提出设计建议。分析表明该结构具有明显的薄弱环节,在设计中应予以重视。     

干熄焦提升机控制系统的优化

从控制时序、系统拓扑结构、传动部分等方面介绍干熄焦提升控制系统。通过一起焦罐坠落事故,分析干熄焦提升控制系统存在的问题,并提出解决方案。     

无人机群目标搜索的主动感知方法

为提升蚁群搜索算法在规模大的栅格环境中对未知目标的搜索效率,提出基于蚁群算法的主动感知搜索框架。该框架通过应用历史环境信息来选择无人机的运动方式,并由无人机运动方式和感知域信息得到新的环境信息,从而实现无人机群的智能自动化搜索功能。新方法计算出一种具有探索偏好的未搜索概率,可使无人机搜索时偏向未搜索程度高的栅格,以此来提高算法的搜索能力。同时,以未搜索概率和信息素作为运动方式决策的依据来建立一种新的运动方式选择机制。该机制不仅考虑了目标可能出现的区域,又可兼顾未知区域,从而可实现无目标先验信息条件下的搜索过程。仿真结果表明,此算法在规模大的栅格环境中,与现有算法相比具有更高的搜索效率,并且得到的目标分布信息将更加全面。     

基于手机App的自动站管理系统设计与应用

随着社会生活的信息化和互联网技术的飞速发展,智能手机的发展日新月异,手机App成为了人们获取信息的主要方式。将手机App作为载体的工作方式已成为各行业的研究方向。为了保障气象自动观测站的正常运行,必须加强及时有效的管理。以沈阳市气象局250个气象自动观测站为课题背景,对基于手机App的自动站管理系统进行了研究。手机App以Android平台为基础,系统开发服务组件使用基于Java语言的Oracle 11G EX DB和Oracle JDeveloper开发平台,通过Web Service技术实现手机与服务器组件间的数据交互。该系统提供了自动观测站实况数据查询、故障报警、建立维修任务并上传维修照片、查看维修记录等功能。这种设计既方便了管理者对自动站及维护人员的监控与管理,又提高了管理者与维护人员交互信息的效率,充分利用手机App方便快捷的功能实现全沈阳地区自动站的管理,最后将提出的设计应用于其他市区的自动站管理之中也取得了十分显著的效果。     

稳定的K-多均值聚类算法

指定K个聚类的多均值聚类算法在K-均值算法的基础上设置了多个次类,以改善K-均值算法在非凸数据集上的劣势,并将多均值聚类问题形式化为优化问题,可以得到更优的聚类效果。但是该算法对初始原型敏感,且随机选取原型的方式使聚类结果不稳定。针对上述问题,提出一种稳定的K-多均值聚类算法,并对该算法的复杂度与收敛性进行了简要讨论。该算法先基于数据样本的最邻近关系构造图,根据图的连通分支将数据分为若干组,取每组数据的均值点作为初始原型,再用交替迭代的方法对优化问题进行求解,得到最后的聚类结果。在人工数据集和真实数据集上的实验表明,该算法具有更稳定更优越的聚类效果。