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61.
Progress in scanning probe microscopy profited from a flourishing multitude of new instrument designs, which lead to novel imaging modes and as a consequence to innovative microscopes. Often these designs were hampered by the restrictions, which conventional milling techniques impose. Modern rapid prototyping techniques, where layer by layer is added to the growing piece either by light driven polymerization or by three-dimensional printing techniques, overcome this constraint, allowing highly concave or even embedded and entangled structures. We have employed such a technique to manufacture an atomic force microscopy (AFM) head, and we compared its performance with a copy milled from aluminum. We tested both AFM heads for single molecule force spectroscopy applications and found little to no difference in the signal-to-noise ratio as well as in the thermal drift. The lower E modulus seems to be compensated by higher damping making this material well suited for low noise and low drift applications. Printing an AFM thus offers unparalleled freedom in the design and the rapid production of application-tailored custom instruments. 相似文献
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63.
Genetic Dissection of Light-Regulated Adventitious Root Induction in Arabidopsis thaliana Hypocotyls
Yinwei Zeng Sebastien Schotte Hoang Khai Trinh Inge Verstraeten Jing Li Ellen Van de Velde Steffen Vanneste Danny Geelen 《International journal of molecular sciences》2022,23(10)
Photomorphogenic responses of etiolated seedlings include the inhibition of hypocotyl elongation and opening of the apical hook. In addition, dark-grown seedlings respond to light by the formation of adventitious roots (AR) on the hypocotyl. How light signaling controls adventitious rooting is less well understood. Hereto, we analyzed adventitious rooting under different light conditions in wild type and photomorphogenesis mutants in Arabidopsis thaliana. Etiolation was not essential for AR formation but raised the competence to form AR under white and blue light. The blue light receptors CRY1 and PHOT1/PHOT2 are key elements contributing to the induction of AR formation in response to light. Furthermore, etiolation-controlled competence for AR formation depended on the COP9 signalosome, E3 ubiquitin ligase CONSTITUTIVELY PHOTOMORPHOGENIC (COP1), the COP1 interacting SUPPRESSOR OF PHYA-105 (SPA) kinase family members (SPA1,2 and 3) and Phytochrome-Interacting Factors (PIF). In contrast, ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5), suppressed AR formation. These findings provide a genetic framework that explains the high and low AR competence of Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls that were treated with dark, and light, respectively. We propose that light-induced auxin signal dissipation generates a transient auxin maximum that explains AR induction by a dark to light switch. 相似文献
64.
Philipp Kasper Jaco Selle Christina Vohlen Rebecca Wilke Celien Kuiper-Makris Oleksiy Klymenko Inga Bae-Gartz Charlotte Schmig Alexander Quaas Bjrn Schumacher Münevver Demir Martin Bürger Sonja Lang Anna Martin Hans-Michael Steffen Tobias Goeser Jrg Dtsch Miguel A. Alejandre Alcazar 《International journal of molecular sciences》2022,23(10)
Maternal obesity predisposes for hepato-metabolic disorders early in life. However, the underlying mechanisms causing early onset dysfunction of the liver and metabolism remain elusive. Since obesity is associated with subacute chronic inflammation and accelerated aging, we test the hypothesis whether maternal obesity induces aging processes in the developing liver and determines thereby hepatic growth. To this end, maternal obesity was induced with high-fat diet (HFD) in C57BL/6N mice and male offspring were studied at the end of the lactation [postnatal day 21 (P21)]. Maternal obesity induced an obese body composition with metabolic inflammation and a marked hepatic growth restriction in the male offspring at P21. Proteomic and molecular analyses revealed three interrelated mechanisms that might account for the impaired hepatic growth pattern, indicating prematurely induced aging processes: (1) Increased DNA damage response (γH2AX), (2) significant upregulation of hepatocellular senescence markers (Cdnk1a, Cdkn2a); and (3) inhibition of hepatic insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1-AKT-p38-FoxO1 signaling with an insufficient proliferative growth response. In conclusion, our murine data demonstrate that perinatal obesity induces an obese body composition in male offspring with hepatic growth restriction through a possible premature hepatic aging that is indicated by a pathologic sequence of inflammation, DNA damage, senescence, and signs of a possibly insufficient regenerative capacity. 相似文献
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66.
In language learning, strong relationships between Gold-style models and query models have recently been observed: in some quite general setting Gold-style learners can be replaced by query learners and vice versa, without loss of learning capabilities. These ‘equalities’ hold in the context of learning indexable classes of recursive languages. 相似文献
67.
Benedikt Scherger Steffen Wietzke Maik Scheller Nico Vieweg Matthias Wichmann Martin Koch Karin Wiesauer 《Journal of Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves》2011,32(7):943-951
We investigate different micro-powders that can be used as base materials for THz lenses fabricated by compression molding.
For this application materials with a very weak THz absorbance and low dispersion are required. By measuring the THz absorption
coefficient and refractive index of pellets pressed from the different micro-powders, we identify several materials that are
well suited for the fabrication of compression molded THz lenses (CMLs). In addition, a considerable range of the refractive
index is covered by the samples, which will allow for the fabrication of CMLs with different focal lengths for one and the
same lens design. 相似文献
68.
69.
Daniel H. Mendelsohn Katja Schnabel Andreas Mamilos Samuel Sossalla Steffen Pabel Georg Daniel Duerr Karsten Keller Volker H. Schmitt Friedrich Barsch Nike Walter Ronald Man Yeung Wong Thaqif El Khassawna Tanja Niedermair Volker Alt Markus Rupp Christoph Brochhausen 《International journal of molecular sciences》2022,23(9)
Mitochondria play a crucial role in cell physiology and pathophysiology. In this context, mitochondrial dynamics and, subsequently, mitochondrial ultrastructure have increasingly become hot topics in modern research, with a focus on mitochondrial fission and fusion. Thus, the dynamics of mitochondria in several diseases have been intensively investigated, especially with a view to developing new promising treatment options. However, the majority of recent studies are performed in highly energy-dependent tissues, such as cardiac, hepatic, and neuronal tissues. In contrast, publications on mitochondrial dynamics from the orthopedic or trauma fields are quite rare, even if there are common cellular mechanisms in cardiovascular and bone tissue, especially regarding bone infection. The present report summarizes the spectrum of mitochondrial alterations in the cardiovascular system and compares it to the state of knowledge in the musculoskeletal system. The present paper summarizes recent knowledge regarding mitochondrial dynamics and gives a short, but not exhaustive, overview of its regulation via fission and fusion. Furthermore, the article highlights hypoxia and its accompanying increased mitochondrial fission as a possible link between cardiac ischemia and inflammatory diseases of the bone, such as osteomyelitis. This opens new innovative perspectives not only for the understanding of cellular pathomechanisms in osteomyelitis but also for potential new treatment options. 相似文献
70.
当今时代最大的环境挑战是城市和建筑对化石燃料的依赖,以及对能源、土地、水和食品安全日益增长的需求。在这一背景下,城市需向更可持续的城镇化模式转变,建筑和城市规划在这一过程中发挥主要作用。为此提出了15项绿色城市法则,以应对现存街区、区域和城市转型的挑战,并对中国低碳或无碳的未来进行了展望。 相似文献