Comparative morphology, anatomy and histology of the alimentary canal of an Indian freshwater major carp, Labeo calbasu (Hamilton) during the different life-history stages in relation to food and feeding habits

1. The early life-history stages of Labeo calcasu (Hamilton) viz., the fries, are zooplankton-feeders (carnivorous). The morphology, anatomy and histology of the alimentary canal during this stage is adapted accordingly. 2. With increase in age, size and body-length, the food and feeding habits of the fish undergo changes from the carnivorous to the herbivorous type (adult) through the omnivorous type (fingerlung). 3. The morphology, anatomy and histology of the alimentary canal gets modified accordingly in the fingerlings and adults.     

Evaluation of lidocaine in human inferior alveolar nerve block

The purpose of this study was to measure the degree of anesthesia following the administration of 3.6 ml of 2% lidocaine solutions with either 1:50,000, 1:80,000, or 1:100,000 for inferior alveolar nerve block and to compare the results with those obtained following the administration of 1.8 ml of the same solutions (1). With the use of a repeated measures design, 30 subjects randomly received an inferior alveolar injection at three successive appointments. The first molar, first premolar, lateral incisor, and contralateral canine (control) were blindly tested with an Analytic Technology pulp tester at 3-min cycles for 50 min. The degree of anesthesia was comparable for the three solutions following the administration of 3.6 ml of each solution. Retrospective evaluation showed that the volume of the solution influenced the degree of anesthesia.     

Hypoglycaemic activity of an HMG-containing flavonoid glucoside, chamaemeloside, from Chamaemelum nobile

The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid (HMG) containing flavonoid glucoside chamaemeloside, has been determined to have in vivo hypoglycaemic activity comparable to that of free HMG. An improved isolation scheme for obtaining chamaemeloside from Chamaemelum nobile is presented.