The effect of heat treatment on the microfibrillar network of poly(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole)

Materials exhibiting exceptional mechanical properties can be fabricated from rigid polymers. In a spinning process, an oriented solution is solidified by the action of a nonsolvent, which induces crystallization of an oriented rigid polymer. Drying and heat treatment result in the final material having the desired properties. The effect of heat treatment on the morphology of poly(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) (PBZT) films was studied by measurements of small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD). Films were formed by coagulation in water. The wet films were dried with supercritical CO₂ to maintain an open network structure. Coagulation in water resulted in formation of microfibrils having diameter of ∼9 nm. Heat-treatment at 600°C caused significant coalescence of microfibrils. The crystallite size was increased by heat treatment from a value that is smaller than the microfibrillar diameter indicating defects in chain packing, to a value comparable to the microfibrillar diameter.     

Development and testing of a screw compressor fluid based on two-stage hydrotreated base oils,and comparison with a synthetic fluid

This paper reports the development and testing of a rotary screw compressor lubricant based on two-stage severely hydrotreated petroleum base oil, and compares the fluid's performance with that of a synthetic polyalphaolefinbased compressor fluid. It was found that performance was in most respects the same for both fluids. Laboratory and performance testing also shows equivalent extended service life greater than one year, with reduced maintenance and energy savings.     

Comparing surface residue transfer efficiencies to hands using polar and nonpolar fluorescent tracers

Transfer of chemicals from contaminated surfaces such as foliage, floors, and furniture is a potentially significant source of both occupational exposure and children's residential exposure. Increased understanding of relevant factors influencing transfers from contaminated surfaces to skin and resulting dermal-loading will reduce uncertainty in exposure assessment. In a previously reported study, a fluorescence imaging system was developed, tested, and used to measure transfer of riboflavin residues from surfaces to hands. Parameters evaluated included surface type, surface loading, contact motion, pressure, duration, and skin condition. Results of the initial study indicated that contact duration and pressure were not significant for the range of values tested, but that there are potentially significant differences in transfer efficiencies of different compounds. In the study reported here, experimental methods were refined and additional transfer data were collected. A second fluorescent tracer, Uvitex OB, with very different physicochemical properties than riboflavin, was also evaluated to better characterize the range of transfers that may be expected for a variety of compounds. Fluorescent tracers were applied individually to surfaces and transfers to skin were measured after repeated hand contacts with the surface. Additional trials were conducted to compare transfer of tracers and co-applied pesticide residues. Results of this study indicate that dermal loadings of both tracers increase through the seventh brief contact. Dermal loading of Uvitex tends to increase at a higher rate than dermal loadings of riboflavin. Measurement of co-applied tracer and pesticide suggest results for these two tracers may provide reasonable bounding estimates of pesticide transfer.     

Israeli psychotherapists' reactions and perceptions on the process of psychotherapy during the Gulf War.

64 26–56 yr old psychotherapists (38 still in training), who practiced in areas that were either directly or indirectly threatened by missile attack during the Persian Gulf War, completed a questionnaire addressing well-being as affected by the war, the similarity between the patient's and the therapist's experience of the war, and how psychotherapists perceived the overall functioning of their patients and the extent that their internal conflicts were affected by the war. Therapists more directly threatened by the war reported having a greater positive mood than did Ss more indirectly threatened. Experienced psychotherapists addressed the war to a greater degree during the therapeutic hour; inexperienced Ss reported a greater change in their therapeutic stance. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Interactions of inhibition and excitation in the light-evoked currents of X type retinal ganglion cells

The excitatory and inhibitory conductances driving the light-evoked currents (LECs) of cat and ferret ON- and OFF-center X ganglion cells were examined in sliced and isolated retina preparations using center spot stimulation in tetrodotoxin (TTX)-containing Ringer. ON-center X ganglion cells showed an increase in an excitatory conductance reversed positive to +20 mV during the spot stimulus. At spot offset, a transient inhibitory conductance was activated on many cells that reversed near ECl. OFF-center X ganglion cells showed increases in a sustained inhibitory conductance that reversed near ECl during spot stimulation. At spot offset, an excitatory conductance was activated that reversed positive to +20 mV. The light-evoked current kinetics of ON- and OFF-center X cells to spot stimulation did not significantly differ in form from their Y cell counterparts in TTX Ringer. When inhibition was blocked, current-voltage relations of the light-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) of both ON- and OFF-X cells were L-shaped and reversed near 0 mV. The EPSCs averaged between 300 and 500 pA at -80 mV. The metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (APB), was used to block ON-center bipolar cell function. The LECs of ON-X ganglion cells were totally blocked in APB at all holding potentials. APB caused prominent reductions in the dark holding current and synaptic noise of ON-X cells. In contrast, the LECs of OFF-X ganglion cells remained in APB. An increase in the dark holding current was observed. The excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist combination of D-amino-5-phosphono-pentanoic acid (D-AP5) and 2, 3-dihydroxy-6-nitro-7-sulfamoyl-benzo-(F)-quinoxalinedione (NBQX) was used to block ionotropic glutamate receptor retinal neurotransmission. The LECs of all ON-X ganglion cells were totally blocked, and their holding currents were reduced similar to the actions of APB. For OFF-X ganglion cells, the antagonist combination always blocked the excitatory current at light-OFF; however, in many cells, the inhibitory current at light-ON remained. ON-center X ganglion cells receive active excitation during center illumination, and a transient inhibition at light-OFF. In contrast OFF-center X ganglion cells experience a sustained active inhibition during center illumination, and a shorter increase in excitation at light-offset. Cone bipolar cells provide a resting level of glutamate release on X ganglion cells on which their light-evoked currents are superimposed [corrected].