Cholinomimetics and memory. The effect of choline chloride

Young normal subjects received 16 g of choline chloride in a double-blind A-B-A design. Short- and long-term memory function was evaluated. Comparison of group means indicated that choline chloride did not significantly affect short-term memory or long-term memory. However, individual subjects may have had some aspects of long-term memory affected by choline chloride treatments. The results suggest that the effect of lower doses of choline on long-term memory should be evaluated.     

Histophysiologic characteristics of the effector innervation of the arteries of the base of the brain during rat ontogenesis

The development of adren- and cholinergic nervous plexuses in the brain base arteries was studied by histochemical methods of Falck and Kelle in animals and fetuses of 10-22 days, newborn rats, animals of 10, 20, 30, 40, 60 and 120 days of life and 1 and 2 years old rats. The cholinergic nerve fibres were first found in the basilar, vertebral and internal carotid arteries on the 15th and 16th days of ontogenesis. Specific fluorescence of adrenergic conductors on the same arteries is revealed somewhat later--from the 17th and 18th days of the intrauterine development. Further formation of the cholin- and adrenergic innervation of the arteries of the Willis' circle goes on synchronously. The number of nerve fibres increases with the growth of the artery diameter. The concentration of catecholamines and the activity of AChE in them gradually increases. The greatest density of nerve fibres per 1 mm2 is determined in 20-day-old rats. The number of cholinergic nerve fibres on the arteries of the brain base is equal to that of adrenergic fibres during the whole period of postnatal ontogenesis. By the 30th day the effector nervous apparatus has a definite structure. In old rats the activity of AChE and the content of catecholamines drop, the amount and concentration of nerve fibres decrease.     

Influence of a dc heat flux on the velocity of second sound nearT fλ

We have measured the speed of second soundu ₂ in He II in the presence of a heat fluxQ. ForT _f–1 mK>T>T _f–3.5 mK it is found thatu ₂ reduces linearly withQ ², for 2 mW/cm ² <Q<6 mW/cm ² . By extrapolating the data we have deduced that the lambda transition temperature reduces linearly withQ.     

Methodology for the separation o plant lipids and application to spinach leaf and chloroplast lamellae

Procedures for separation of complex plant lipids and results obtained are reviewed. Procedures based on DEAE cellulose and silicic acid chromatography, which may be preceded by countercurrent distribution, are presented for separation of the individual glyceroland sphingolipid classes of spinach leaf and chloroplast lamellae. These procedures appear to be generally applicable to photosynthetic tissue of plants and algae. The separation and infrared spectra of mono-and digalactosyl diglycerides, lecithin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl inositol, plant sulfolipid, cerebroside, and sterol glycosides from spinach are recorded. Chloroplast lamellae lipids are in the molar ratio monogalactosyl diglyceride (14.0), digalactosyl diglyceride (8.0), phosphatidyl glycerol (5.5), sulfolipid (3.9), lecithin (2.0), phosphatidyl inositol (1.0). Phosphatidyl ethanolamine, cerebrosides, and sterol glycosides were not detected in chloroplast lamellae. Fatty acid composition of individual lamellae lipids have been determined: The galactosyl lipids contain more than 90% trienoic acids.Trans-3- hexadecenoic acid is restricted almost exclusively to phosphatidyl glycerol. In this report techniques which have been applied to the isolation of plant glycero- and sphingolipids are reviewed and a new scheme presented for the separation of several of the plant lipid classes. Results obtained with spinach leaf and its photosynthetic apparatus are presented and discussed. Paper III in the series Plant and Chloroplast Lipids. Presented at the 15th Annual Summer Program, “Symposium on Quantitative Methodology in Lipid Research”, Aug. 3–7, 1964. Literature is reviewed to July 1964.     

Generation of single l-ns pulses at 10.6 µ

Single pulses of 1-ns duration have been generated at 10.6-μ wavelength using a pulse-selection scheme in conjunction with an actively mode-locked CO2TEA oscillator. The experimental setup and its operating characteristics are presented. A technique is described, which yields pulse extinction ratios of approximately 900:1.     

Developments in appliances which might influence the detergent and textile industries

The interrelation of researches in detergents, appliances, and textiles is discussed, showing how a major development in one industry can force reactions by the other industries. Several new appliance developments, which might affect detergents, include a water softener built onto a washer and two novel washing systems. The possibilities of a home dry-cleaner are reviewed, as are appliance industry reactions to the development of permanent-press fabrics by the textile industry. Some predictions about the washing machine of the future are presented.