Research in school psychology in the Federal Republic of Germany.

Discusses school psychology research recently reported in the Federal Republic of Germany. Literature appears to be dominated by three trends with a fourth emerging. Trends discussed include (1) the need to be able to deal with children from foreign countries who bring a diversity of languages, skills, and customs to the classroom, (2) parental involvement in education and the family systems approach, and (3) investigation of approaches to delivery of services, organizational development, and the role of the school psychologist. Little distinction is made between consultation and counseling. An emerging trend, provision of services in adult education, is beginning to show research interest. All of these trends reflect an emphasis on practical rather than theory-oriented research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Ein neuer Ansatz zur Bestimmung theoretischer Obergrenzen für das zweidimensionale orthogonale homogene Packproblem

Zusammenfassung Zur Lösung des zweidimensionalen homogenen Packproblems, das in der Logistik z. B. bei der lagenweisen Paletten-Beladung mit quaderförmigen Packstücken gleicher Größe, bei der Beladung von LKW und Containern und beim Füllen von Standardbehältern auftritt, sind keine exakten Algorithmen mit polynomiell begrenzter Zeitkomplexität bekannt. Zur Lösung dieser Problemstellung wird deshalb auf heuristische Verfahren zurückgegriffen. Die Optimalität der heuristisch ermittelten Lösungen kann durch die Bestimmung einer theoretischen Obergrenze für die Anzahl der Packstücke überprüft werden. In diesem Beitrag werden verschiedene Verfahren zur Bestimmung theoretischer Obergrenzen vorgestellt und hinsichtlich ihrer Güte analysiert. Daran anschließend wird ein neuer Ansatz zur Verbesserung der Obergrenzenbestimmung unter Einsatz dieser Verfahren dargestellt. Dieser Ansatz basiert auf der Ausnutzung der Struktur-Eigenschaften des betrachteten Packproblems.     

Light scattering of acetylated lignin

Organosolv lignin was fractionated on a Sephadex G 75 column with 0.1M aqueous NaOH resulting in 14 fractions. These fractions were acetylated and a high-molecular-weight fraction (F3) was investigated by means of combined static and dynamic light scattering (LS) in solvents acetone, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and trifluoroethanol (TFE). The measurements were found to be reproducible, and recycling of lignin by freeze drying caused slight but unessential changes in solution properties. Depending on the solvent used, weight average molecular weights M_w between two and ten million were found. By contrast, M_n of the fractions, measured by vapor pressure osmometry (VPO), was in the range of a few thousands only. Analysis of the angular dependence in static LS by means of a Casassa–Holtzer plot and the fractal dimensions showed the presence of chain stiffness, most distinct in TFE. Also, the dynamic light scattering results in TFE are typical for semiflexible chains, while in THF, and to some extent in acetone, the dynamic measurements including viscosity suggest the presence of spherical structures. These findings are being explained by large lignin clusters that consist of stiff subunits.     

Prozeßführung und Verfahrenstechnik zur schadstoffarmen Verbrennung von Abfällen

Process control and engineering of essentially pollutant-free combustion of wastes. The avoidance, reduction, and utilization of wastes are recognized as exploitable strategies. In spite of these measures, in the future wastes remain which still require treatment. Combustion is possible way substantially converting complex chemical compounds in an environmentally compatible manner. The present paper deals in a general manner with the possibilities of influencing combustion control (primary measures) for wastes in order to obtain minimum levels of pollutants. A difference is made between gaseous, liquid, or powdered wastes and those comprising mixtures of coarse, pasty, and liquid components. The paper deals with mixing mechanisms, temperature control, burn out, pollutant limitation, and the resulting fundamental possibilities of process control and engineering.     

Microparticulation of whey protein: related factors affecting the solubility

Solubility of Simplesse 100, the only wheybased fat substitute, was found to be good, considering the fact that technology for preparation of Simplesse 100 is a sequence of thermal steps. To characterize this phenomen, gel chromatography on Sephadex G-100, Sephacryl S-1000 and SDS-PAGE were used, supported by high-speed separation, UV studies and analytical procedures. Results show that the unusual solubility characteristic of microparticulated whey protein is related to two molecular effects: (1) optimal defolding of protein molecules and (2) stabilization of the defolded status by carbohydrate. Both effects were considered to favour non-covalent bonds, which contribute to the outstanding physico-functional and nutritive properties of microparticles.

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Mikropartikulierung von Molkenprotein: Faktoren, die die Löslichkeit beeinflussen

Zusammenfassung Simplesse 100, Fettsubstitut auf Molkenbasis, zeigt ein gutes Lösungsverhalten. Da die Entstehung von Mikropartikeln mit thermischen Verfahrensschritten verbunden ist, ist ein solches Verhalten ungewöhnlich. Zur Klärung dieses Phänomens wurden gelchromatographische Trennungen an Sephadex G-100 bzw. an Sephacryl S-1000 sowie die SDS-PAGE herangezogen, unterstützt durch UV-Studien, analytische Techniken und Zentrifugation bei 23.000g. Die Ergebnisse lassen den Schluß zu, daß das Lösungsverhalten mikropartikulierten Molkenproteins im wesentlichen von zwei Effekten bestimmt wird, (1) der optimalen Entfaltung der Proteinmoleküle und (2) der Stabilisierung der entfalteten Proteinmoleküle durch Kohlenhydrate. Beide Effekte favorisieren nicht-kovalente Bindungsmechanismen im mikropartikulierten Protein und sind verantwortlich für physiko-funktionelle und nutritive Eigenschaften.