Effect of supranutritional maternal and colostral selenium supplementation on passive absorption of immunoglobulin G in selenium-replete dairy calves

Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient for ruminant animals affecting both performance and immune functions. Adding 3 mg of Se/L (in the form of Na selenite) to colostrum has been shown to improve IgG absorption in Se-deficient newborn dairy calves. The objective of our study was to determine the effect of supranutritional maternal and colostral Se supplementation on IgG status of Se-replete dairy calves. The study design was a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. During the last 8 wk before calving, dairy cows at a commercial dairy were fed either 0 (control cows) or 105 mg of Se-yeast once weekly (supranutritional Se-yeast-supplemented cows), in addition to Na selenite at 0.3 mg of Se/kg of DM in their ration. After birth, calves were fed pooled colostrum from control or supranutritional Se-yeast-supplemented cows to which 0 or 3 mg of Se/L (in the form of Na selenite) was added. Concentrations of whole-blood (WB) Se and serum Se measured at birth and at 48 h and 14 d of age, and serum IgG concentrations measured at 48 h and 14 and 60 d of age were determined. Calves born to Se-yeast-supplemented cows had higher WB-Se and serum-Se concentrations for the first 2 wk, and higher IgG absorption efficiency (62% at 48 h), resulting in higher serum-IgG concentrations (43% at 48 h and 65% at 14 d) and higher total serum-IgG content (50% at 48 h and 75% at 14 d), compared with calves born to control cows. Calves that received colostrum with added Na selenite had higher WB-Se concentrations for the first 2 wk, but only at 14 d of age were serum-Se concentrations, serum-IgG concentrations (53% higher), and total serum-IgG content (56% higher) higher, compared with calves that were fed colostrum without added Na selenite. Calves born to Se-yeast-supplemented cows that received colostrum from Se-yeast cows without added Na selenite had a higher IgG absorption efficiency compared with all other treatment groups. Our results support that feeding cows supranutritional Se-yeast supplement during the dry period or spiking colostrum with Na selenite both improve IgG status of Se-replete calves.     

Schmelzgleichgewichte im System FeO–Fe2O3–CaO

Kritische Erörterung von Schrifttumsangaben über den Verlauf der Schmelzgleichgewichte im Zustandsschaubild FeO–Fe₂O₃–CaO. Beschreibung eigener Versuche zur Ermittlung des Verlaufs der Liquidusflächen und der Linien doppelter Sättigung. Nachweis der Gültigkeit des quasibinären Schnittes Eisen-Dicalciumferrit mit Angaben über das ternäre Eutektikum und ternäre Peritektikum. Geschlossene Darstellung der Schmelzgleichgewichte des ternären Zustandsschaubildes.     

Verhalten von titanmikrolegierten Sondertiefziehstählen nach starker Beanspruchung

Mit Hilfe des Näpfchentiefziehversuches nach Swift werden der optimale Rondendurchmesser für Blech aus titanmikrolegiertem und solches aus aluminiumberuhigtem Sondertiefziehstahl ermittelt und die tiefgezogenen Näpfchen im Schlagversuch auf Versprödung geprüft. Gefüge und Einschlüsse der verwendeten Stähle werden licht- und rasterelektronenmikroskopisch untersucht.     

Verklebung von Buchenholz für tragende Holzbauteile

The load bearing capacity of glulam could be enhanced by using lamella of European beech (Fagus sylvatica??L.). Essential requirements for the production of those beams are adhesives which allow for a durable und reliable bonding of lamella. The paper shows to what extent commercially available MUF and PU adhesives and adapted bonding parameters ensure gluing of European beech timber for load-bearing timber structures. Both beech wood containing heartwood and beech wood without heartwood were included in the study. With regard to technical approval, the chosen test methods were resistance to delamination according to EN??302-2 (2002) and shear test of glue line according to EN??392 (1995). From the two tested MUF systems it was evident, that delamination decreased by increasing the closed assembly time. The requirements of EN??301 (2006) were fulfilled for adhesive type??I and??II. Without any limitations beech wood containing heartwood could be glued using MUF-1. On the other hand, the results of the PU adhesive were insufficient. Light-optical micrograph examinations show that long assembly times secure the formation of a glue line. It was assumed that the curing process is retarded by beech wood. No relationship was found between the results of the shear strength test and the delamination test. For quality control of glulam the delamination test is recommended. Based on the positive results an application for technical approval of glulam consisting of beech was made. For this reason beech-glulam can be generally utilized in service class??1.     

Estimating the hydrolytic durability of cured wood adhesives by measuring formaldehyde liberation and structural stability

The durability of different commonly used thermosetting wood adhesives (UF, MUF, MUPF) was determined from the hydrolytically induced mass loss and the amount of liberated formaldehyde. Both methods showed high reproducibility. Different methodical aspects were investigated for further improvement. The hydrolytically induced mass loss and formaldehyde liberation depend on the particle size of the cured resins. Additionally, more severe hydrolytic conditions (time, pH, temperature) caused elevated mass losses and formaldehyde liberations. The hydrolytic stability of the cured resins could be well determined by gravimetric analysis. However, a distinct graduation of the adhesive durability according to formaldehyde liberation appeared to be more difficult. These findings were reinforced by correlating the hydrolytic indicators and wet strength properties of particle boards according to different test methods (V70, V100, EN 321, Werzalit cycle test).     

多球果型马尾松形态及生殖生物学特征研究

多球果型马尾松是马尾松种群内的一个具特异性状的变异体.在多球果型马尾松雌性生殖枝上,能够着生40～80个球果(大孢子叶球),有的甚至可以达到193个以上.而在常见型马尾松的雌性生殖枝上,通常只着生有1～8个球果,最常见的着生2-4个球果.本文对多球果型马尾松和常见型马尾松在生长状态、形态结构、生殖发育等方面的差异进行了研究和分析.     

Pestizide polymere, 2. Untersuchung der Herstellungsparameter pestizidenthaltender LDPE- und EVA-Folien

Mixtures of some selected pesticides and LDPE-and EVA-Granules were extruded into sheets. It could be shown, that in general the active agents are stable in extrusion process. Only a derivate of N-methylphenylcarbamat (Propoxur) decomposed to corresponding phenol. The solubilities of the pesticides in the polymers depend on the relative polarities of both components. Further, with the help of R_f values on RPTLC, it is possible to assess the solubilities of these substances in polymer sheets.     

Möglichkeiten und Grenzen Elektronischer Datenverarbeitung bei der Erforschung der Geschichte des Mittelalters

Research supported by computers in the field of medieval history, although developed in several areas, still produces controversial discussions. An attempt is made here to determine the possibilities and limits of the use of electronic data processing, with a critical eye of the various areas of application. The operation of electric calculators, which require a restriction to specific categories of questions, doubtless leads to new and different utilization of historical materials and data. From the point of view of how these materials are used, projects that have been developed to date can be divided into three categories of analysis: historical texts, personal history data, and economic-historical data. Of these, machine text analysis has, so far, not gotten beyond the development of indices, word-frequency studies and similar matters. For historical documents which contain names, several examples demonstrate how efficiently machine searches, comparisons, and sorting operations advance the exploration of the materials. Problems arise, however, in connection with a phenomenon that is typically medieval, namely, that names in the sources cannot be safely attributed to specific persons. In the field of economic-historical data, we find successful examples of statistical research supported by computers. The use of electronic data processing appears to be always successful in medieval studies when the materials used contain a large number of comparable data which can be formalized and categorized.      

Multiple views and abstractions with an extended-entity-relationship model

The features of the Entity-Relationship model are examined, as a means for representing both the conceptual schema and the external schema in a database system. In order to serve in this dual capacity, its modelling features are extended to support multiple user views. We show how to represent a model and present a suitable diagrammatic technique. To represent these concepts at the user level we propose a data definition language with a concise and simple structure. Furthermore, guidelines are given for interfacing the E-E-R schema with existing DBTG-like systems.     

Faster isosurface ray tracing using implicit KD-trees

The visualization of high-quality isosurfaces at interactive rates is an important tool in many simulation and visualization applications. Today, isosurfaces are most often visualized by extracting a polygonal approximation that is then rendered via graphics hardware or by using a special variant of preintegrated volume rendering. However, these approaches have a number of limitations in terms of the quality of the isosurface, lack of performance for complex data sets, or supported shading models. An alternative isosurface rendering method that does not suffer from these limitations is to directly ray trace the isosurface. However, this approach has been much too slow for interactive applications unless massively parallel shared-memory supercomputers have been used. In this paper, we implement interactive isosurface ray tracing on commodity desktop PCs by building on recent advances in real-time ray tracing of polygonal scenes and using those to improve isosurface ray tracing performance as well. The high performance and scalability of our approach will be demonstrated with several practical examples, including the visualization of highly complex isosurface data sets, the interactive rendering of hybrid polygonal/isosurface scenes, including high-quality ray traced shading effects, and even interactive global illumination on isosurfaces.