The Estimation of Restrainers

A quantitative method is described for the chromatographic separation and subsequent polarographic estimation of adenine in gelatin. The method, which has been applied to about 200 gelatins, has two important features. It is specific for adenine and enables a visual assessment of other purines and pyrimidines to be mode in the course of the procedure.

Hide gelatins have adenine contents from 10 200 ppm., but the large majority are from SO 50 ppm., ossein gelatin contains from 4–6 ppm., and pigskin between 30 and 50 ppm.     

Clothing-Related Burn Casualties: An Overlooked Problem?

Between 1997 and 2006, more than 4,300 serious burn injuries per year in the United States were associated with clothing. Ages 5–14 had the highest average annual burn injury rate, and ages 25–64 had the lowest rate. There were 120 deaths per year in the United States associated with clothing burns between 1999 and 2004. The death rate for those over 65 was six times the national average. The General Wearing Apparel Standard has regulated the flammability of clothing worn in the United States since 1953. Nearly all of the clothing-related injuries and deaths have occurred in fires involving apparel that complied with this Standard. Despite the size of this problem, there is no organized national activity under way to begin to address these casualties. Experience with the Children’s Sleepwear Flammability Standards, issued in the 1970s, suggests that safer garments can be manufactured that would prevent many clothing burn injuries and deaths. A more stringent up-to-date flammability standard, production of safer garments, use of warning labels, and educated consumers are needed.     

Spanish Content on Hospital Websites: An Analysis of U.S. Hospitals' in Concentrated Latino Communities

This study explores the nature and extent of Spanish language translation of hospital websites. A quantitative content analysis of 121 U.S. hospital websites located in Hispanic communities was conducted. Results indicate that a significant number of U.S. hospitals fail on their websites to offer equal content for Spanish language users. The study also examines several factors potentially associated with the incidence of website translation. First, organizational factors such as hospital size, ownership type and formal statements of diversity commitment are investigated. Second, demographic factors such as county population size and Hispanic population size are also considered. Hispanics' use of the Internet, the digital divide, culture's impact on Internet use, and eHealth provide a background for discussion of the findings.     

Extraction,Composition and Functional Properties of Pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) Press Cake Protein

This study compared two methods for extracting the protein in pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) press cake and determined the composition and functional properties of the protein products. Proteins in pennycress press cake were extracted by using the conventional alkali‐solubilization–acid‐precipitation (AP) method or saline‐based (SE) procedure (0.1 M NaCl at 50 °C). The extraction method has a major influence on the purity and functional properties of press cake protein products. AP had a lower protein yield (23 %) but much higher purity (90 % crude protein) compared with SE (45 % yield, 67 % crude protein). AP protein isolate had high foam capacity (120 ml), high foam stability (96 % foam volume retention) and high emulsion stability (24–35 min), and it was resistant to heat denaturation (3 % loss of solubility at pH 2 and pH 10). On the other hand, SE protein concentrate showed remarkably high solubility (>76 %) between pH 2 and 10 and exceptional emulsifying activity (226–412 m²/g protein), but was more susceptible to heat denaturation at pH 7 and pH 10 (65–78 % loss of solubility). These results strongly demonstrate that higher purity pennycress press cake protein can be produced by either saline extraction or acid precipitation and have functional properties that are desirable for non‐food uses.     

A systems theoretic approach to second moment modelling of probabilistic engineering systems∗

A new approach to modelling probabilistic and stochastic engineering systems using graph theory is outlined. This approach emphasizes the introduction of probabilistic and stochastic concepts at the very beginning of the model building process. This is in marked contrast to past tendencies to add probabilistic concepts to the end of an otherwise deterministic model building process. The development of topological models founded on oriented probabilistic measurements is given. which leads to the identification of some useful statistical properties of the’ random interconnection equations’. The development of probabilistic component models is given, where a component can be characterized independently of other components. Methods for automatically building the second moment representation of the Mixed Nodal Tableau are discussed. The application of the above theory to the probabilistic analysis of a pipe network problem is briefly described.     

Conditional and Marginal Mutual Information in Gaussian and Hyperbolic Decay Time Series

We consider the amount of available information about an arbitrary future state of a Gaussian stochastic process. We derive an infinite series for the marginal mutual information in terms of the autocorrelation function. We derive an infinite series for the newly available information for prediction, the conditional mutual information, in terms of the moving average parameters, and directly characterize predictability in terms of sensitivity to random shocks. We apply our results to long memory, or more generally, hyperbolic decay models, and give information‐theoretic characterizations of the transition from persistence to anti‐persistence, stationary long memory to nonstationarity, and a stationary regime where the mutual information is not summable.     

Effect of Enzyme Pre-treatments on Bioactive Compounds in Extracted Tiger Nut Oil and Sugars in Residual Meals

Tiger nut oil is a novel oil that requires more research data on its characteristics. In this study, the oil was extracted using both enzyme‐aided pressing (EAP) and aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) methods. Using enzymes as a pre‐treatment prior to mechanical pressing increased the concentration of some phenolic acids and tocopherols present in extracted oils compared to controls. High pressure processing as a pre‐treatment before aqueous enzymatic extraction also enhanced tocopherols and total polyphenolic content in oils. The percentage free fatty acid and peroxide values indicated that under the initial extraction parameters, the oils were stable and they all met the standards for virgin olive oil set by the International Olive Oil Council. Residual meals from both extraction processes contained low protein contents ranging from 2.4 to 4.6 %. Additionally, EAP and AEE meals contained low DP (degree of polymerisation) sugars that appeared as 1‐kestose (DP3) and nystose (DP4). EAP had the highest total DP3 and DP4 sugar content of 82.5 mg/g. These sugars would need further assessment to verify their identity and determine their suitability as a potential food.