浅谈设计思维

设计的功能是以人为本,丰富和升华人们的生理体验和心理体验以提升生活品质,传递信息和新的思维方式;设计作品的优劣从某种角度来说是设计思维深入程度决定的;设计思维是以个人对世界的认识为基础的;人对世界认识的程度实际上也就是设计思维深入的程度,因此我们应弄清自己思维的渊源,树立正确的世界观。     

Generalization in the XCSF classifier system: analysis, improvement, and extension

We analyze generalization in XCSF and introduce three improvements. We begin by showing that the types of generalizations evolved by XCSF can be influenced by the input range. To explain these results we present a theoretical analysis of the convergence of classifier weights in XCSF which highlights a broader issue. In XCSF, because of the mathematical properties of the Widrow-Hoff update, the convergence of classifier weights in a given subspace can be slow when the spread of the eigenvalues of the autocorrelation matrix associated with each classifier is large. As a major consequence, the system's accuracy pressure may act before classifier weights are adequately updated, so that XCSF may evolve piecewise constant approximations, instead of the intended, and more efficient, piecewise linear ones. We propose three different ways to update classifier weights in XCSF so as to increase the generalization capabilities of XCSF: one based on a condition-based normalization of the inputs, one based on linear least squares, and one based on the recursive version of linear least squares. Through a series of experiments we show that while all three approaches significantly improve XCSF, least squares approaches appear to be best performing and most robust. Finally we show how XCSF can be extended to include polynomial approximations.     

喷淋座垫的单片机智能控制

采用单片机进行智能控制 ,实现喷淋座垫智能化 ,克服了以往人工调整水杆和人工限时的弊病 ,提高了产品的性能和实用价值。     

Ultrastructural evidence for an innervation of epithelial enterochromaffine cells in the guinea pig duodenum

The innervation of the duodenal enterochromaffine cells (E.C.) of the guinea pig was studied at the electronmicroscopic level. Pretreatment with 5-OH-dopamine was performed to visualize catecholaminergic (CA) nervous elements. Near the basement membrane of all examined E.C. in the crypts, bundles of unmyelinated nerve processes were observed, only partly ensheathed in a Schwann cell cover. At least 4 types of processes could be observed. 1) Boutons containing only small clear vesicles, probably cholinergic fibres; 2) boutons with small clear vesicles, and in addition large (greater than 200 nm) granules with a dense matrix (P-type-fibres); 3) boutons with small electron-dense vesicles, probably CA-fibres; and 4) processes with few vesicles but having the appearance of dendrites. No typical synaptic arrangements were observed, but the minimal distance between the E.C. and the nerve bundles was 150 to 250 nm, thus well within the functional limits of the "autonomic gap". Thus epithelial E.C. may be influenced by several types of nervous elements, including CA-fibres.     

Therapy of hepatitis B. Practical implications

There is as yet no specific treatment for viral hepatitis, and in an uncomplicated course no further action apart from moderate bedrest is necessary. The patient should however, be isolated in a special ward. In fulminant hepatic failure the benefit of glucocorticoid therapy is still controverted and appears to depend on an early beginning. Treatment with HBsAg-rich human serum in fulminant hepatitis B is still under evaluation. In chronic active hepatitis the administration of azathioprine in combination with glucocorticoids is highly effective, and it appears to be irrelevant whether HBsAg is present in plasma or not; however, the best results have been achieved in "lupoid" hepatitis. The use of transfer factor, laevamisol or thymosin to suppress T-cell action on antibody production of the B-cells cannot yet be finally evaluated with respect to its effectiveness in chronic active hepatitis. Prevention is of major importance in solving the problems involved in hepatitis B infections. Recent experience with active immunization using HBsAg-rich sera or purified formalin inactivated HBsAg preparations suggest the possibility of successful vaccination against hepatitis B in the near future, but the precondition for obtaining sufficient quantities of vaccine is to find suitable culture media for the virus.     

The effect of physician-controlled health insurance. U.S. v. Oregon State Medical Society

The trial record in an antitrust case against the Oregon State Medical Society, finally decided in 1952, was examined to reconstruct the behavior of a competitive market for health insurance coverage. Health insurers, called "hospital associations," were found to have engaged individually in cost-control efforts similar to, but possibly more aggressive than, today's utilization review under professional sponsorship. The subsequent disappearance of these insurer-initiated cost controls in Oregon is traced to the medical society's organization of a competing Blue Shield plan as a model of insurer conduct and to a simultaneous boycott by physicians of the hospital associations as long as they persisted in questioning doctors' practices. Some modern parallels are noted, and the advantages of fostering privately sponsored cost-control efforts are suggested.     

冲积河流滩槽定量划分方法及应用

通过理论分析与数值计算,研究了冲积河流漫滩水流水力因子的变化特性。结果表明,断面平均流速在漫滩瞬间迅速减小,然后逐渐增大;断面综合动能修正系数、动量修正系数均随水深而缓慢增加,在漫滩瞬间迅速增大,随即快速减小。根据漫滩水流水力因子沿水深的变化特性,提出采用断面横向平均流速为判别因子以定量划分复式断面的滩与槽。此外,文中将其应用于黄河下游漫滩水流的水沙数值模拟,其结果与实际情况符合较好。     

The complexity of approximately counting stable roommate assignments

We investigate the complexity of approximately counting stable roommate assignments in two models: (i) the k-attribute model, in which the preference lists are determined by dot products of “preference vectors” with “attribute vectors” and (ii) the k-Euclidean model, in which the preference lists are determined by the closeness of the “positions” of the people to their “preferred positions”. Exactly counting the number of assignments is #P-complete, since Irving and Leather demonstrated #P-completeness for the special case of the stable marriage problem (Irving and Leather, 1986 [11]). We show that counting the number of stable roommate assignments in the k-attribute model (#k-attribute SR, $k?4$) and the 3-Euclidean model (#k-Euclidean SR, $k?3$) is interreducible, in an approximation-preserving sense, with counting independent sets (of all sizes) ($\mathrm{\#}\mathit{IS}$) in a graph, or counting the number of satisfying assignments of a Boolean formula ($\mathrm{\#}\mathit{SAT}$). This means that there can be no FPRAS for any of these problems unless NP = RP. As a consequence, we infer that there is no FPRAS for counting stable roommate assignments ($\mathrm{\#}\mathit{SR}$) unless NP = RP. Utilizing previous results by Chebolu, Goldberg and Martin (2010) [3], we give an approximation-preserving reduction from counting the number of independent sets in a bipartite graph ($\mathrm{\#}\mathit{BIS}$) to counting the number of stable roommate assignments both in the 3-attribute model and in the 2-Euclidean model. $\mathrm{\#}\mathit{BIS}$ is complete with respect to approximation-preserving reductions in the logically-defined complexity class $\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{RH}{\mathrm{\Pi }}_1$. Hence, our result shows that an FPRAS for counting stable roommate assignments in the 3-attribute model would give an FPRAS for all $\mathrm{\#}\mathrm{RH}{\mathrm{\Pi }}_1$. We also show that the 1-attribute stable roommate problem always has either one or two stable roommate assignments, so the number of assignments can be determined exactly in polynomial time.     

沧州南部典型区近30年来气温演变特征分析

文中主要分析了沧州南部典型区近30年来气温演变情势,分析了其统计特征、年内变化趋势性和年代际变化、持续性、突变性和周期性,得出了一定的规律性,为深入研究本区域与气温有关的课题打下了基础。