"Where did I go wrong?" A psychophysiological analysis of error detection.

There is a component of the event-related brain potential, the error-related negativity (or ERN), that is related to error detection in choice reaction time (RT) tasks. The J. Miller (1982) paradigm was used to determine whether the detection process manifested by the ERN involves a comparison between representations of the actual response and the correct response or between representations of the stimulus anticipated by the S and the stimulus that actually occurs. The data favored the former rather than the latter kind of comparison, with the magnitude of the error signal depending on the similarity or dissimilarity between the two response representations. In turn, response similarity depended on the strategy used by the Ss to select responses: Response parameters selected first defined which responses would be most similar. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

MUTZ-3, a monocytic model cell line for interleukin-4 and lipopolysaccharide studies

The afferent pathways of discogenic low-back pain have not been fully investigated. We hypothesised that this pain was transmitted mainly by sympathetic afferent fibres in the L2 nerve root, and in 33 patients we used selective local anaesthesia of this nerve. Low-back pain disappeared or significantly decreased in all patients after the injection. Needle insertion provoked pain which radiated to the low back in 23 patients and the area of skin hypoalgesia produced included the area of pre-existing pain in all but one. None of the nine patients with related sciatica had relief of that component of their symptoms. Our findings show that the main afferent pathways of pain from the lower intervertebral discs are through the L2 spinal nerve root, presumably via sympathetic afferents from the sinuvertebral nerves. Discogenic low-back pain should be regarded as a visceral pain in respect of its neural pathways. Infiltration of the L2 nerve is a useful diagnostic test and also has some therapeutic value.     

Pure red cell aplasia

The presentation and clinical course of pure red cell aplasia in 5 patients are described. In 3 of them no concomitant diseases were present, in 1 the condition was associated with the presence of a thymoma, and the remaining patient was suffering from a lymphocytic lymphoma. Pregnancy led to a recurrence of the disorder in 2 patients. The fact that 4 of the patients exhibited unequivocal evidence of other auto-immune disturbances adds further support to the concept that pure red cell aplasia itself has an auto-immune basis.     

A modula based language supporting hierarchical development and verification

This paper describes a proposal for a modification to the language Modula. The modification was motivated by a desire to bring to the language the ability to build hierarchical systems and to support program verification efforts. In the modified language, called SB-Mod, modules are grouped into levels and calls are permitted from the modules of one level to those of a higher level. Verification is supported through a set of clearly described synchronization constructs and by restricting the flow of information between levels. A result of this is that levels do not interfere with each other and can be treated separately for purposes of verification. In considering modifications, an attempt was made to provide the user with a variety of control mechanisms, while at the same time avoiding situations in which excessive run-time overhead would be incurred.     

Linear and nonlinear models of the basilar membrane motion

Trimethylsilyl derivatives of 1-hexadec-1-enyl-2-decanoyl and -2-octadecenoylglycerols and 1-octadec-1-enyl-2-decanoyl and -2-octadecenoylglycerols were subjected to analysis by a gas chromatograph mass spectrometer system. The characteristic ions are as follows: (1) ions at [M-15]+ and [M-90]+- are observed, 2 or 16 mass units less than those of the corresponding 1-alkyl-2-acyl or 1,2-diacyl derivatives; (2) the base peak is m/e 129; (3) the ion at [M-R1CH=CHO]+ or [R2COO+130]+ is present in high abundance; (4) ions at m/e 311 and 339, characteristic of trimethylsilyl derivatives of 1-hexadec-1-enyl and 1-octadec-1-enylglycerols, are due to [R1CH-CHO-1)+73]+, also confirmed from studies on the perdeuteriotrimethylsilyl derivatives; (5) several ions based on one acyl group, [R2CO]+, [R2CO+74]+ and [R2COO+74]+ are also observed.     

Time-dependent behavior of an incompressible elastic fluid. Some homogeneous deformation histories

Summary The theory of the incompressible elastic fluid is designed to describe visco-elastic behavior under finite strain. In terms of this theory it is shown how to calculate the stress response to any strain history. The calculations are carried out and the results displayed for a number of homogeneous strain histories. A knowledge of the response to single step stress relaxation in a given geometry allows one to calculate easily the response to any other history in the same geometry. Furthermore from biaxial stress relaxation data one may calculate the time dependent stress response in any geometry in a manner which resembles the method for predicting the equilibrium response in an isotropic elastic material. An important class of histories comprises the motions following the rest history. To calculate the stress response for such a motion over a given time interval it suffices to have stress relaxation data over the same time interval. Stress response is also calculated for some uniaxial strain histories as well as steady simple shear.

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Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der Theorie der inkompressiblen elastischen Flüssigkeit wird das viskoelastische Verhalten bei endlichen Verzerrungen beschrieben. Im Rahmen dieser Theorie wird der Spannungsablauf hinsichtlich einer beliebigen Verzerrungsvorgeschichte berechnet. Die Ergebnisse der Rechnung werden für eine Reihe von Vorgeschichten von homogenen Verzerrungen dargestellt. Die Kenntnis des Relaxationsverhaltens nach einem einzelnen Spannungssprung in einer gegebenen Geometrie gestattet eine einfache Rechnung für jede andere Vorgeschichte in der gleichen Geometrie. Ferner gestattet die Kenntnis der zweiachsigen Spannungs-relaxation die Berechnung des zeitabhängigen Spannungsablaufes bei beliebiger Geometrie in einer Art, die der Ermittlung des Gleichgewichtszustandes in einem isotropen elastischen Material ähnelt. Eine wichtige Gruppe von Vorgeschichten beinhalten die Bewegungen, die auf einen Ruhezustand folgen. Um den Spannungsablauf für eine solche Bewegung über ein vorgegebenes Zeitintervall zu ermitteln, genügt es, Daten für die Spannungsrelaxation in diesem Intervall zu kennen. Für einige einachsige Verzerrungsvorgeschichten und für stationären Schub wird der Spannungsablauf angegeben.

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Symbols used in this work

Symbol x ₁,x ₂,x ₃;x _i position coordinates - X ₁,X ₂,X ₃ particle labels - x (t);x _i (t) position of a tacitly understood particle at timet - (t, ) relative deformation matrix - B (t, ) matric of left relative Cauchy-Green tensor - B _ij (t, ) components ofB - T _e.g.T transpose of a matrix - C (t, ) matrix of right relative Cauchy-Green tensor - I ₁,I ₂,I ₃ principal invariants ofB (orC) - ₁, ₂, ₃ principal extension ratios - extension ratio in pure shear or uniaxial strain - shear measure in simple shear - _ij components of true stress tensor - U potential for incompressible elastic fluid - U _{I 1},U _{I 2} derivatives ofU with respect toI ₁,I ₂ - b _i components of local body force per unit mass - mass density - stress difference in uniaxial strain - a ₁,a ₂,a ₃ functions ofX ₁,X ₂,X ₃ which represent a deformation which is constant over a period of time - W potential for single-step stress relaxation - W _{I 1},W _{I 2} derivatives ofW with respect toI ₁,I ₂ - P (,t) stress difference in pure shear single-step stress relaxation - P _* (,t) time derivative ofP - G (,t) stress difference in uniaxial single step stress relaxation - G _* (,t) time derivative ofG - K (,t) shearing stress in simple shear single step stress relaxation - L ₁ (,t),L ₂ (,t) normal stress differences in simple shear single step stress relaxation - K _* (,t),L _* (,t),L _2* (,t) time derivatives ofK,L ₁,L ₂ - ₁, ₂ forces per unit initial area in biaxial strain following the rest history - a _i components of acceleration - force per unit initial area in uniaxial strain following the rest history - p ₀ ambient pressure - viscosity - v _I,v _II,v _III normal stress measures - rate of shear