Prolonged endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy in children (author's transl)

Five patients with subglottic tracheal stenosis following prolonged endotracheal intubation are reported. To minimize tracheal stenosis the indications for prolonged intubation should be well defined and tracheostomy considered as an alternative. The incidence of tracheal stenosis following prolonged intubation is stimilar to that following tracheostomy. The risk of stenosis increases with the duration of intubation, the degree of physical trauma to the laryngotracheal mucosa (suction, tube changing, restlessness), infection of the trachea or larynx, and with the age of the child. Prolonged intubation necessitates sedation and intensive care. Tracheostomy has a higher mortality but this and the risk of stenosis depend greatly on the operative technique. Particularly in cases where prolonged intubation increase the risk of tracheal stenosis, the advantages of tracheotomy become evident. Tracheostomised children rarely need sedation, the tracheobronchial tree can be easily and carefully toileted and the changing of the tube is without risk. Neither method is absolutely preferable, but the correct application of both will minimise the complication rate. The indications for each may be summarised as follows: for primary treatment of acute respiratory distress in children prolonged intubation is the treatment of choice. If after 3 days there is no chance of extubation, tracheostomy should be considered but this depends also on the child's age and behaviour, and on the laryngotracheal mucosal reaction. The younger the child the more cautiously should tracheostomy be considered. Children under 2 years of age should only be tracheostomised if there is no alternative.     

Behavior of serum alkaline during pregnancy. II. Pathological pregnancy

832 estimations of heat stable alkaline phosphatase (HSAP) and of heat alkaline phosphatase (HLAP) were carried out simultaneously in late pregnant women at 25th to the 42nd weeks of pregnancy. 147 of them delivered children with normal birth-weight. All these women suffered from pre-eclampsia, hypertension or any kind of superimposed pre-eclampsia. 110 other pregnant women with or without symptoms of pre-eclampsia gave birth to small for dates babies. In addition, the values of these patients were compared with 372 estimations of the same enzymes carried out in 120 patients with normal pregnancy and outcome of normal weighted children. The site of the values of every group showed no typical correlation to the course and outcome of their pregnancy. Regarding four special criterions it was possible to give a good prediction by serial determinations for the weight of the newborn in 80 per cent of the cases. A correlation between the urinary excretion of total oestrogens as well as HLAP and the values of HSAP was to be found only in some groups of patients.     

小小棍扫一大片的次世代后期

HJ的刀友会 SteamlD：hjpotter。“刀龄”六年，常驻DOTA2东南亚服务器，绝对的随机萎雄派，出门钱不是853就会浑身不自在。目前努力适应新装备G9X中。     

DGEBA‐grafted polyaniline: Synthesis,characterization and thermal properties

The utilization of conducting emeraldine salt (PANI‐ES) and intrinsic leucoemeraldine polyaniline (PANI‐LEB) in the synthesis of DGEBA‐grafted PANI via anionic copolymerization is described. The structures of copolymers obtained were characterized by FTIR, ¹³C and ¹H NMR. The extent of grafting was verified by THF Soxhlet (solvent extraction). The thermal properties of these new copolymers were described and their conductivities were reported. Results obtained indicated that the graft copolymer exhibited higher electrical and thermal conductivities than that of the blend counterpart. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

A method for simultaneous fluorometry and rheology of connective tissue in bulk meat

A probe tipped with optical fibres was mounted on the load cell of a compression tester and pushed into well-aged beef rib roasts (Canada Grade AAA, n = 6, 33 ± 3.6 days post-mortem). Fluorescence (F; excitation 365 nm, emission >420 nm) and reflectance (R; 365 nm) were measured through single optical fibres. Diffuse R was measured using different fibres for illumination and detection, thus responding to tissue between the two fibres. Replication was by a matrix pattern of penetrations on single roasts. For example, in a typical roast, F was correlated with the force of penetration (mean r = 0.86 ± 0.06, n = 20, all P < 0.001). R was less (P < 0.001) strongly correlated with penetration force (mean r = 0.46 ± 0.10, n = 20, all P < 0.001). F signals from connective tissue contained less peaks than R signals from both connective and adipose tissue (respectively, 2.75 ± 0.43 versus 5.57 ± 0.67 peaks cm⁻¹, P < 0.001, n = 20 pairs) and F peaks were wider than R peaks (respectively, 3.54 ± 0.88 versus 1.38 ± 0.19 mm, P < 0.001, n = 20 pairs). For the spinales dorsi aponeurosis, the depth at which peak force was reached was strongly correlated with the depths at which both peak F and peak R were reached (r = 0.98, P < 0.001, n = 20 for both). Diffuse R was only weakly correlated with penetration force (mean r = 0.29 ± 0.12 with only 5/10 correlations significant P < 0.001). This new method showed the primary resistance to dorso-ventral penetrometry of well-aged beef rib roasts originated from connective tissue.     

Effect of intracellular acidity and ionomycin on apoptosis in HL-60 cells

The aim was to investigate in detail the influence of intracellular pH (pHi) and intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) on apoptosis in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukaemia cells. The pHi was controlled by changing the pH of media as well as by interfering with the pHi regulatory mechanisms with 3-amino-6-chloro-5-(1-homopiperidyl)-N-(diaminomethylene) pyrazincarboxamide (HMA; an inhibitor of Na+/H+ antiport), 4-diiosothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'disulfonic acid, (DIDS; an inhibitor of Na(+)-dependent HCO3-/Cl- exchange) and nigericin (a K+ ionophore). The [Ca2+]i was increased with ionomycin, a Ca2+ ionophore. The apoptosis of HL-60 cells was measured with conventional agarose gel electrophoresis for DNA fragmentation and also with the release of 3H from 3H-thymidine-labelled DNA. Based on the magnitude of DNA fragmentation and 3H release at different pHi, it was shown that apoptosis occurred in HL-60 cells when the pHi was lowered from normal pHi of 7.4 to about 7.2-6.7 with a peak increase at pHi 6.8-6.9. Addition of 4 microM ionomycin to RPMI 1640 medium, which contained 615 microM Ca2+, elevated the apoptosis in the cells. Such an increase in apoptosis by ionomycin in HL-60 cells appeared to result from both an increase in [Ca2+]i and from a decline in pHi. The results indicate that the acidic intratumour environment may greatly affect the response of neoplastic tissues to hyperthermia, radiation and chemotherapeutic drugs which cause apoptosis.     

Role of antioxidant enzymes in the induction of increased experimental metastasis by hydroxyurea

BACKGROUND: Treatment of tumor cells with hydroxyurea and other DNA-damaging agents has been shown to increase the experimental metastatic potential of these cells. PURPOSE: We sought to elucidate some of the biochemical and genetic changes that promote tumor cell metastasis in hydroxyurea-treated cells. We hypothesized that drug treatment induces resistance to oxidative damage and that elimination of this resistance reverses the drug-induced experimental metastatic capabilities of tumor cells. METHODS: We examined the effect of hydroxyurea treatment on B16 melanoma cells with respect to experimental metastatic potential, resistance to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), glutathione peroxidase activity and messenger RNA (mRNA) level, glutathione reductase activity, glutathione levels, glutathione-S-transferase activity, and catalase activity and mRNA level. RESULTS: Hydroxyurea-treated cells were transiently more metastatic following intravenous injection in syngeneic mice and transiently more resistant than untreated cells to exogenous H2O2. Hydroxyurea-induced experimental metastases and H2O2 resistance were eliminated by depletion of intracellular glutathione with buthionine sulfoximine. Glutathione peroxidase activity and mRNA level, glutathione reductase activity, and reduced glutathione levels were all transiently increased in hydroxyurea-treated cells, whereas the increase in glutathione-S-transferase activity was sustained. Catalase activity was modestly increased with no increase in its mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS: In B16 melanoma cells, experimental metastasis induced by hydroxyurea appears to depend on a process that requires glutathione. Hydroxyurea treatment also induces resistance to exogenous H2O2, which may be due to induction of glutathione and antioxidant enzyme activity. IMPLICATIONS: The role of antioxidants in B16 melanoma cells offers new insights into the metastatic process and the cellular response to chemotherapy.     

Ursodeoxycholate stabilizes phospholipid-rich membranes and mimics the effect of cholesterol: investigations on large unilamellar vesicles

Ichthyophis kohtaoensis, a member of the limbless Gymnophiona, has a specialized subterranean burrowing mode of life and a predominantly olfactory-guided orientation. The only visually guided behavior seems to be negative phototaxis. As these animals possess extremely small eyes (only 540 microm in diameter in adults), functional investigations of single retinal cells by electrophysiological methods have so far failed. Therefore, the content and distribution of retinal transmitters have been investigated as indications for a functioning sense organ in an animal that is supposed to be blind. In this study, the organization and development of the dopaminergic system have been examined in the retinae of embryonic, larval, and adult I. kohtaoensis, by using an antiserum against tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the catecholamine synthetic pathway, and an antiserum against dopamine itself. Labeled somata are situated in the inner nuclear layer and in the ganglion cell layer. Dopamine-positive fibers form a dense diffuse plexus, that covers the whole inner plexiform layer, whereas tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive processes show a tendency to arborize in a stratified manner. Tyrosine-hydroxylase-immunolabeled fibers can occasionally be observed in the optic nerve head of larval stages. During ontogenesis and larval development, the distribution of transmitter-expressing cells changes and their number decreases, but no general degeneration of the visual system is detectable. Adult Ichthyophis still have retinal transmitters, indicating that the eyes, although obviously playing a minor role in a subterranean ecological niche, retain all the elements of functioning sense organs.     

Comparison of three jet nebulizer aerosol delivery systems used to administer recombinant human DNase I to patients with cystic fibrosis. The Pulmozyme rhDNase Study Group

The soma membrane of the fast coxal depressor (Df) motoneurone of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana possesses a population of acetylcholine receptors which respond to both nicotinic and muscarinic ligands. Activation of these 'mixed' acetylcholine receptors by McN-A-343 or oxotremorine results in the generation of an inward current at potentials positive to - 40 mV. A large proportion of the outward current induced by membrane depolarization in Df somata is due to a calcium-activated potassium conductance (IKCa) which shows a characteristic N-shape voltage-dependence. This N-shape of the membrane current-voltage relationship is suppressed by McN-A-343 or oxotremorine indicating that the agonist-induced inward current is due to a reduction in IKCa.