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61.
62.
Gavrilovic P. Timofeev F.N. Haw T. Williams J.E. 《Quantum Electronics, IEEE Journal of》1991,27(7):1859-1862
Data on long-cavity 100-μm-wide broad-stripe laser diodes that lase with a barrow single-lobed far-field pattern in continuous room-temperature operation are presented. Diodes with a cavity length of 1250 μm emit a power of 200 mW per facet into a 2.5° lobe (full width at half maximum). Short-cavity devices (cavity length of 350 μm) lase with a continuously increasing number of lateral modes right from threshold, and exhibit a far-field divergence that is over three times greater than that of 1250-μm diodes. Explanations for the effect of increasing cavity length on the field patterns of these devices are proposed, based on the measured increase in injected carrier diffusion length in long-cavity diodes and the influence of thermal waveguiding and mirror losses on intermodel discrimination 相似文献
63.
J. A. Hunt A. Remes D. F. Williams 《Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine》1992,3(3):192-198
This study examined neutrophil activation, after incubation of these cells with metal ions. Activation was examined using lysozyme and chemiluminescence assays. Cobalt ions (0.5–30 p.p.m.), chromium ions (0.5–20 p.p.m.), nickel ions (1–50 p.p.m.) and aluminium ions (0.05–7.5 p.p.m.) did not stimulate neutrophils to release lysozyme and did not stimulate a respiratory burst. Copper ions (0.25–7.5 p.p.m.) stimulated neutrophils to release lysozyme, a result which was significant at the 5% level. This was not as a result of copper ions causing neutrophils to lyse. Lysozyme secretion was inhibited when neutrophils were pre-incubated with cytochalasin B, although cytochalasin B had no effect on the enzyme secretion due to stimulation by opsonized zymosan and zymosan-activated serum. This suggests that the mechanism by which copper ions stimulate neutrophil degranulation is different from that of opsonized zymosan and zymosan-activated serum. Enzyme secretion was not accompanied by a respiratory burst. 相似文献
64.
Summary A set of flow equations are derived for the velocity components of the solid and liquid phases of a particle fluid mixture. The equations have a limited validity to the case of uniaxial flow accompanied by radial expansion.The Terzaghi fluidization criterion is used to fix an internal parameter in the equations. Using a stability analysis it is demonstrated that the process of the onset of fluidization is accompanied by a smoothing out of internal heterogeneity in the system.The applications treated are the permeability of a densely packed material and the settlement of a geotechnical filter. 相似文献
65.
M J Daley P A Coyle T J Williams G Furda R Dougherty P W Hayes 《Journal of dairy science》1991,74(12):4413-4424
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes play a central role in the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis. Intramammary challenge with Staphylococcus aureus was shown to induce both quantitative and qualitative changes in mammary gland polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Intramammary infusion of recombinant bovine interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-2 elicited a similar cellular response. Staphylococcus aureus, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-2 all increased the number of somatic cells after intramammary infusion and activated the inducible superoxide production in milk polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Interleukin-2 also activated phagocytosis of these cells, and their activation was maintained for 3 to 5 d after intramammary administration. Interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-2 were moderately effective in the therapy of experimental S. aureus mastitis. Approximately 54% of the glands treated with interleukin-1 beta responded to therapy by transiently clearing the milk of S. aureus, 30% of which relapsed, and a total of 38% of the treated glands remained cured. In contrast, 83% of glands treated with interleukin-1 beta responded to therapy, but 50% of these quarters relapsed. A total of 42% of the quarters treated with interleukin-1 beta remained cured. Homologous recombinant cytokines are effective immunomodulators that augment natural defensive mechanisms similar to the normal response to pathogens and may prove to be suitable alternatives to, or may be used in combination with, antibiotics as effective mastitis therapeutic agents. 相似文献
66.
The author describes the evaluation of microstrip as a transmission medium for components and subsystems operating in the millimeter wavebands. The manufacturing process for thin-film MICs on single-crystal quartz is described. The microwave integrated circuit (MIC) manufacturing process is suitable for high-value manufacturing of highly integrated subsystems since manufacturing costs for the circuits are almost independent of the number of circuit functions. Designs for various circuit elements are discussed, and an integrated subsystem is described in which MIC techniques are used to produce a miniature millimeter-wave distance-measuring sensor. Range measurement results for the miniature sensor are presented 相似文献
67.
Homer M.E. Hogan S.J. di Bernardo M. Williams C. 《Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, IEEE Transactions on》2004,51(10):511-516
In this brief, we consider methods to improve the performance of chaotic communication schemes. We study a system using a receiver which explicitly includes the presence of noise in the channel. We show how the choice of chaotic dynamical system generating the transmitted signal is crucial. We observe a large variation in bit error rate performance of the system as parameters in the maps are changed, and we propose a simple explanation for this variation. 相似文献
68.
For characterization of the fracture resistance of materials used in the upper shelf toughness regime,J-R curves are widely considered the most promising candidates. However, there still remain problems concerning both the generation and measurement ofJ-R curves as material characterizing parameters and their application in ductile fracture analyses for failure prediction in polymeric materials. This paper reports the results of investigations conducted on two rubbertoughened nylons at room temperature. Two different methods ofJ-R curve determination are covered, namely multi-specimen and single specimen test methods. The resultingJ-R curves have also been evaluated to obtain values of the initiation toughness,J
IC, following the extrapolation and interpolation schemes prescribed by ASTM E813-81 and ASTM E813-87 test procedures, respectively. The results show that the multiple specimen unloading method and the single specimen partial unloading compliance method can be used to generate comparable crack growth resistanceJ-R curves of the toughened nylons. The value ofJ
IC for the crystalline rubber-toughened nylon was approximately twice the value obtained for the amorphous rubber-toughened nylon. The former material also exhibited a greater resistance to ductile crack growth. 相似文献
69.
V. Sinha M. J. Mills J. C. Williams 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2004,35(10):3141-3148
This article presents the results of a recent study of the response of an α/β-forged Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-2Mo alloy during static, normal-fatigue, and dwell-fatigue loading. The plastic-strain accumulation
under different loading conditions is reported. The failure modes and associated fractographic features under static, normal-fatigue,
and dwell-fatigue loading conditions are also discussed. These results are used to obtain a better understanding of the relative
contributions of the cyclic and creep processes to the overall damage under dwell-fatigue conditions. 相似文献
70.
B. Kwakye‐Awuah I. Radecka M. A. Kenward C. D. Williams 《Journal of chemical technology and biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire : 1986)》2008,83(9):1255-1260
BACKGROUND: Metal‐exchanged zeolites have been reported to have significant limitations on cayalytic activity, such as counterbalancing the negative framework charges and limitation of active space. Alternative methods of incorporating silver ions into the framework of zeolites are therefore necessary. This paper reports on a technique for producing silver doped analcime by isomorphous substitution of silver ion into the framework of analcime. The amount of aluminium in the gel composition was reduced by a factor of 5%, 10% and 20% and an equivalent amount of silver was added to the gel and treated in a conventional manner for zeolite crystallisation. Some of the aluminium in the reaction gel was replaced with the silver. The silver‐doped analcime samples where characterised by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X‐rays (EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP‐AES) analysis. RESULTS: The amount of silver ions loaded for each reduction of aluminium as determined by EDX were found to be (w/w) 0.29%, 1.41% and 2.10%, respectively. XRD pattern SEM images of the silver‐doped analcime showed the presence of zeolite P in addition to analcime. CONCLUSION: Silver‐doped analcime was successfully produced with different silver loadings and may exhibit higher anti‐microbial activities than silver‐exchanged counterparts. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献