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991.
VL Meiner S Cases HM Myers ER Sande S Bellosta M Schambelan RE Pitas J McGuire J Herz RV Farese 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1996,93(24):14041-14046
The microsomal enzyme acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT; EC 2.3.1.26) catalyzes the esterification of cellular cholesterol with fatty acids to form cholesterol esters. ACAT activity is found in many tissues, including macrophages, the adrenal glands, and the liver. In macrophages, ACAT is thought to participate in foam cell formation and thereby to contribute to atherosclerotic lesion development. Disruption of the gene for ACAT (Acact) in mice resulted in decreased cholesterol esterification in ACAT-deficient fibroblasts and adrenal membranes, and markedly reduced cholesterol ester levels in adrenal glands and peritoneal macrophages; the latter finding will be useful in testing the role of ACAT and macrophage foam cell formation in atherosclerosis. In contrast, the livers of ACAT-deficient mice contained substantial amounts of cholesterol esters and exhibited no reduction in cholesterol esterification activity. These tissue-specific reductions in cholesterol esterification provide evidence that in mammals this process involves more than one form of esterification enzyme. 相似文献
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Controlling for time-since-hire in occupational studies using internal comparisons and cumulative exposure 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Employees within an occupational cohort may demonstrate a more favorable mortality experience while maintaining employment than those who leave employment. At the same time, they may experience an apparent decline in health with time-since-hire. The time-since-hire effect may occur independently of exposure but may nevertheless result in groups categorized by cumulative exposure that are not comparable. Controlling for time-since-hire appears to solve this problem. To quantify the empirical bias in estimates of exposure effect due to confounding from time-since-hire, we analyzed two occupational cohorts using Poisson regression with and without adjustment for time-since-hire or time-since-start-of-follow-up. In a cohort exposed to airborne arsenic, a strong dose-response relation with respiratory cancer mortality had been established. In a cohort exposed to external, penetrating ionizing radiation, a weak and controversial dose-response relation had been reported. The parameter estimates relating exposure to disease from the models that explicitly adjusted for time-since-hire or time-since-start-of-follow-up are within 10% of the estimates from models that did not. It appears, from this empirical analysis of two datasets, that occupational studies may not need to adjust explicitly for such time-related factors as time-since-hire or time-since-start-of-follow-up if these are implicitly controlled through other variables in the model. 相似文献
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Clinical applications of registration and fusion of multimodality brain images from PET, SPECT, CT, and MRI 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
U Pietrzyk K Herholz A Schuster HM von Stockhausen H Lucht WD Heiss 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1996,21(3):174-182
The aim was to assess the specificity and functional significance of liver-infiltrating and peripheral blood T cells in chronic hepatitis C. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells hepatitis C virus from 50 of 58 (86.2%) patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection and 6 of 28 (21.4%) controls showed a proliferative T cell response to at least one of 16 synthetic peptides covering highly conserved regions of the core, envelope (El) and non-structural regions (NS4) of hepatitis C virus. However, six immunodominant peptides were exclusively recognized by the proliferating blood mononuclear cells from 46 patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection (79.3%). Fine specificity and HLA-restriction were studied with 15 peptide-specific CD4+ T cell lines and 23 T cell clones isolated from liver tissue and peripheral blood of 12 patients with chronic hepatitis C. It was demonstrated that the peptide-specific response of CD4+ T cells was restricted to the presence of autologous accessory cells and HLA-DR and -DP molecules. Eight peptide-specific T cell lines and five T cell clones derived from liver tissue and peripheral blood, released interferon-gamma (200-6600 pg/ml) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (100-400 pg/ml) and no or little interleukin-4 (< 140 pg/ml) after peptide-specific or mitogeneic stimulation, thus resembling a Th1-like cytokine profile. Patients with active liver disease showed significantly higher proliferative responses to hepatitis C virus core peptides than asymptomatic hepatitis C virus carriers or complete responders to interferon therapy. In conclusion, class II-restricted CD4+ T cell responses to some immunodominant epitopes within the hepatitis core region correlated with disease activity in chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Functionally, liver-infiltrating and peripheral blood T cells released Th1-like cytokines in response to the specific stimulus. Thus, it can be suggested that CD4+ T cells can mediate the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C virus induced liver disease. 相似文献
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The focus of training in a competency-based residency program is on ensuring that all residents attain prespecified levels of competence for particular objectives in each training activity. The authors examine the components of a competency-based program and describe the phases of development that their department went through in creating such a program. They conclude that the competency-based training model directly faces the issue of certifying competence by holding itself accountable in a demonstrable way for ensuring that its residents have mastered specific areas of knowledge, skills, and attitudes. 相似文献