福建省岩土与基础工程现状与展望

1 岩土与基础工程的现状 福建省地处我国东南沿海主要分布有软土地基区域和山区坡残积土、风化岩地基，地基工程特性极不稳定地层，结构复杂，因此给广大岩土与基础工程技术人员提出了许多新的课题，也因此带动我省岩土与基础工程领域不断向前发展。20多年来，特别是近十年来我省岩土与基础工程技术发展迅猛，从岩土的勘探与测试，天然地基利用和山地地基的开发利用，桩基技术，地基处理技术，基坑与边坡支护技术、检测与监测技术等方面，取得了显著的成绩和突破性的进展，具体表现在：     

The role of reproductive factors and use of oral contraceptives in the aetiology of breast cancer in women aged 50 to 74 years

BACKGROUND: We examined the cholesterol-lowering effects of a proprietary Chinese red-yeast-rice supplement in an American population consuming a diet similar to the American Heart Association Step I diet using a double-blind, placebo-controlled, prospectively randomized 12-wk controlled trial at a university research center. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the lipid-lowering effects of this red-yeast-rice dietary supplement in US adults separate from effects of diet alone. DESIGN: Eighty-three healthy subjects (46 men and 37 women aged 34-78 y) with hyperlipidemia [total cholesterol, 5.28-8.74 mmol/L (204-338 mg/dL); LDL cholesterol, 3.31-7.16 mmol/L (128-277 mg/dL); triacylglycerol, 0.62-2.78 mmol/L (55-246 mg/dL); and HDL cholesterol 0.78-2.46 mmol/L (30-95 mg/dL)] who were not being treated with lipid-lowering drugs participated. Subjects were treated with red yeast rice (2.4 g/d) or placebo and instructed to consume a diet providing 30% of energy from fat, <10% from saturated fat, and <300 mg cholesterol daily. Main outcome measures were total cholesterol, total triacylglycerol, and HDL and LDL cholesterol measured at weeks 8, 9, 11, and 12. RESULTS: Total cholesterol concentrations decreased significantly between baseline and 8 wk in the red-yeast-rice-treated group compared with the placebo-treated group [(x+/-SD) 6.57+/-0.93 mmol/L (254+/-36 mg/dL) to 5.38+/-0.80 mmol/L (208+/-31 mg/dL); P < 0.001]. LDL cholesterol and total triacylglycerol were also reduced with the supplement. HDL cholesterol did not change significantly. CONCLUSIONS: Red yeast rice significantly reduces total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and total triacylglycerol concentrations compared with placebo and provides a new, novel, food-based approach to lowering cholesterol in the general population.     

基于表面形貌的裂纹萌生阶段滑移带表征

目的研究WaspaloyTM镍基高温合金在裂纹萌生阶段的表面形貌特征,找出最优表面形貌参数用以表征此阶段的滑移带特征。方法对WaspaloyTM镍基高温合金试样先机械抛光,然后采用标准金相技术分别进行电解抛光和化学蚀刻,得到两种不同的表面状态。对试样进行低周疲劳试验获得疲劳寿命,并采用透射电子显微镜(TEM)和三维表面轮廓仪,观测分析WaspaloyTM镍基高温合金在电解抛光和化学蚀刻处理后的表面形貌以及裂纹萌生阶段的表面形貌和滑移带特征。对测得的表面形貌参数进行方差分析和自助抽样统计计算,找出最优参数。结果试样在经过电解抛光和化学蚀刻后,三维表面形貌S_a(表面算数平均偏差)分别是0.72 nm和13.3 nm,试样疲劳寿命分别为800和700。两种制备状态下的样品,算术平均高度增量(ΔS_a=S_a(N)-S_a(N0))的差异非常小,且ΔS_a随疲劳加载周期(N)的增加而增加,当N100后,ΔS_a随N增加的速率减小。结论电解抛光后的表面质量更好,且表面质量越好,疲劳寿命越高。ΔS_a与表面制备方法无关,ΔS_a越大,表面越粗糙。经方差分析和自助抽样法计算分析,表面最大峰值(Sp)是最优表面形貌参数,该参数可用于区分滑移带内的损伤晶粒和未损伤晶粒。     

矿区村民视角下矿业生产环境保护现状分析——基于吉林省L县的实证分析

本文以吉林省L县矿业生产为例,研究了矿区村民视角下矿业生产导致的环境污染现状,并对矿业生产中村民、政府和矿业企业之间的经济和环境关系进行了分析。研究结果表明,从村民视角来看矿业生产活动给矿区村民的生活环境造成了严重污染,主要集中在交通、卫生、安全、休息等方面;矿业生产中地方政府和矿企之间的地方保护主义为矿企的发展提供了便利。矿区村民在利益博弈中处于劣势,获得最少的经济效益并承担了环境恶化的后果,但当环境问题和经济利益发生冲突时,村民依然选择了向经济利益妥协。当环境纠纷发生时,村民一般的处理方式为个人出面或者是集体抗议,很少有村民采取依靠政府或者是法律途径来维护自己的合法权益。基于以上结论本文提出相关的建议,以期为治理矿业生产导致的环境问题献计献策。     

大气气溶胶中有机氮和无机氮的测试方法及应用

选用元素分析仪测定大气气溶胶样品中的总氮含量,并使用总有机碳分析仪和离子色谱仪分别获得水溶性总氮和水溶性无机氮组分的含量;在此基础之上,通过相差法获得气溶胶中的水溶性有机氮和非水溶性氮组分含量;对本方法的精确度和准确度进行评估,及使用此方法对西安市大气细颗粒物PM2.5中含氮组分的进一步分析。结果表明,本方法能够系统准确地测试大气气溶胶中的多种含氮组分含量,可操作性强。     

淀粉制取高吸水树脂的研究

利用淀粉为原料,与丙烯酸接枝共聚制备了高吸水性树脂,考察了糊化温度、聚合反应时间、丙烯酸单体中和度等因素对接枝产物吸水性能的影响,并比较了吸自来水、蒸馏水及盐水情况。     

ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF POLYPHENOLS EXTRACTED FROM GREEN AND BLACK TEAS

The catechins, including epicatechin gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC), and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and the theaflavins, including theaflavin (TF), theaflavin monogallate (TF-1), and theaflavin digallate (TF-2), were extracted from green tea and black tea, respectively. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging ability, superoxide-scavenging efficiency, and lipid oxidation-inhibition ability of the pure compounds listed above as well as epicatechin (EC), carnosol, carnosic acid, and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were investigated.
The DPPH radical-scavenging ability of the catechins was EGCG > ECG > EGC > EC and of the theaflavins was TF-2 > TF-1 > TF. EGCG, ECG, EGC, TF-2, TF-1, and TF showed higher DPPH radical- and superoxide-scavenging abilities than carnosol, carnosic acid, and BHT. EGCG, ECG, EGC, carnosol, and carnosic acid showed higher lipid oxidation-inhibition activity, as measured by the Rancimat method, than BHT and theaflavins.     

Dried Soy Tofu Powder Effects on Frankfurters and Pork Sausage Patties

Regular frankfurters treated with tofu powder had decreased fat with no significant differences in color, texture, or overall acceptability compared to a control by sensory analysis. Lean frankfurters with tofu powder had lower moisture and color, better texture, and overall acceptability with no flavor differences from controls. Except for fracturability, there were no differences in texture-related parameters by Texture Profile Analysis (TPA) between regular and control frankfurters but treated lean frankfurters had improved texture. Lean pork sausages treated with tofu powder were lower in fat, higher in protein, and moisture with no differences in sensory attributes compared to controls.     

SUBUNIT STRUCTURES AND ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID RESIDUES OF WHITE KIDNEY BEAN (PHASEOLUS VULGARIS) α-AMYLASE INHIBITORS

Both white kidney bean α-amylase inhibitors WKB 858A (MW 42,000) and WKB 858B (MW 20,000) were composed of two subunits as determined by N-terminal amino acid analysis by amino acid sequence, by SDS-PAGE and by separation on a chromatofocusing column in 8 M urea. N-Terminal amino acids for Inhibitor WKB 858A were alanine and glycine, with a sequence of H₂N-Ala-Glu-Asn-Ala-Gly-Thr-Tyr–COOH for deglycosylated 9,000 MW peptide and H₂N-Gly-Asn–COOH for deglycosylated 12,000 MW peptide. N-Terminal amino acids for Inhibitor WKB 858B were alanine and serine, with a sequence of H₂N-Ala-Thr-Glu-Thr-Ser–COOH for the deglycosylated 9,000 MW peptide and H₂N-Ser-Ala-Val-Gly-Leu-Asp-Phe-Val-Leu-Val-Pro-Val-Gin-Pro-Glu-Ser-Lys-Gly-Asp-Thr-VaVal-Glu-Phe-Asp–COOH for the deglycosylated 15,000 MW peptide. Chemical modification of 2 of 7 His residues with diethylpyrocarbonate resulted in 26% loss of inhibitory activity. Modification of 1.5 of 7 Trp residues with N-bromosuccinimide gave 60% loss of inhibitory activity. Modification of 2 of 6 Tyr residues with N-acetylimidazole gave 60% loss of inhibitory activity. Modification of 3.6 of 6 Arg residues with p-hydroxyphenylglyoxal gave 64% loss of inhibitor activity. These results indicate the possible importance of one or more His, Trp, Tyr and perhaps Arg residues for inhibitory activity against porcine pancreatic α-amylase.