Electronic interaction research 1988 – 2012 through the lens of the Bled eConference

Electronic interaction (EI) depends on technological capabilities that have only become available during the last quarter-century. The Bled eConference has straddled this period. A review of the conference’s successive themes, and of the corpus of over 1,000 papers presented at the 25 events to date, reveals three major Eras, referred to in this paper as the EDI, eCommerce and eInteraction Eras. A trace of the developments in the diverse array of EI technologies and EI-technologies-in-use shows that researchers have focussed very heavily on economic concerns, and until recent years did so almost to the exclusion of social concerns. The paper proposes that EI research needs to seek better balances between organisational and human needs. In addition, because of the instability of bleeding-edge phenomena, empirical research is being published too late to deliver much value to practitioners. The prevailing expectations of journals that rigour be pursued at all costs means that the relevance of research to the real world has become a quite secondary concern to many academics. The EI literature is accordingly at risk of following the IS literature more generally into a closed enclave, in which academics talk to one another and no-one else. Key precepts for an alternative research philosophy are proposed.     

Book Reviews

Abstract

Book reviewed in this article:

Recent Works on the Theme of Technology and Place

The Land That Could Be: Environmentalism and Democracy in the Twenty-First Century William A. Shutkin     

Printability of elastomer latex for additive manufacturing or 3D printing

Additive manufacturing, sometimes referred to as 3D printing is a new, rapidly developing technology which has the potential to revolutionize fabrication of certain high value, complex products. Until now conventional elastomers have not been widely used in the additive manufacturing process. The goal of our work was to determine the feasibility of additive manufacturing using ink jet printing of elastomeric latex materials. Particle size, viscosity, and surface tension were measured for five different latex materials—poly(2‐chloro‐1,3‐butadiene), carboxylated styrene‐butadiene rubber, carboxylated butadiene‐acrylonitrile copolymer, natural rubber, and prevulcanized natural rubber. The XSBR latex was predicted as the one most likely to be printable. Printing trials carried out with the XSBR as the ink proved it to be printable, although technical problems of agglomeration and print head clogging need to be addressed and both the material and process need to be optimized for consistent printing to be achieved. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016 , 133, 42931.     

Photoreduction of Shewanella oneidensis Extracellular Cytochromes by Organic Chromophores and Dye‐Sensitized TiO2

The transfer of photoenergized electrons from extracellular photosensitizers across a bacterial cell envelope to drive intracellular chemical transformations represents an attractive way to harness nature's catalytic machinery for solar‐assisted chemical synthesis. In Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1 (MR‐1), trans‐outer‐membrane electron transfer is performed by the extracellular cytochromes MtrC and OmcA acting together with the outer‐membrane‐spanning porin ? cytochrome complex (MtrAB). Here we demonstrate photoreduction of solutions of MtrC, OmcA, and the MtrCAB complex by soluble photosensitizers: namely, eosin Y, fluorescein, proflavine, flavin, and adenine dinucleotide, as well as by riboflavin and flavin mononucleotide, two compounds secreted by MR‐1. We show photoreduction of MtrC and OmcA adsorbed on Ru^II‐dye‐sensitized TiO₂ nanoparticles and that these protein‐coated particles perform photocatalytic reduction of solutions of MtrC, OmcA, and MtrCAB. These findings provide a framework for informed development of strategies for using the outer‐membrane‐associated cytochromes of MR‐1 for solar‐driven microbial synthesis in natural and engineered bacteria.     

Filtration in coal liquefaction. Influence of digestion conditions in the filtration of non-hydrogenated coal digests

A series of experiments has been carried out to study the way in which preparation conditions of coal digests influence filtration rate. It was shown that a relation exists between cake resistivity and digestion temperature and time, and therefore good control over digestion conditions is important for rapid filtration. Particular attention must be paid to the design of the reactor to ensure that all the material is given the same heat-treatment. The optimum residence time occurs when repolymerization of the dissolved coal commences.     

Filtration in coal liquefaction: preparation of filter aid from filter cake

In this study the preparation of filter aid from filter cake is considered. Two methods of preparation, carbonization at 550–600 °C and combustion at 800–1000 °C, are used and the optimum conditions determined. The performance of the products is assessed as both a precoat and body feed by comparison with a commercial grade of diatomite. It is shown that efficient filter aids, with performances comparable to that of diatomite, may be produced from filter cake.     

Estimation of the concentration of donatable hydrogen in a coal solvent by n.m.r.

¹H and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectroscopies have been used to study the changes in composition of a hydrogenated anthracene oil solvent that occur during extraction of a UK bituminous coal. It has been shown that the principal hydrogen donor groups in the solvent are hydroaromatic and naphthenic rings in hydroaromatic species. Good agreement was achieved between the concentration of donatable hydrogen estimated from n.m.r., and the amount of hydrogen transferred from the solvent during exhaustive extraction.     

Piezo-Spectroscopic Coefficients of Tetragonal-Prime Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia

The Raman piezo-spectroscopic constants of tetragonal prime yttria-stabilized zirconia under uniaxial compression have been determined. Although the Raman band at 461 cm⁻¹ is not the most intense, it is the most appropriate peak for stress measurement because of its large stress-induced peak shift and the minimum overlap with the other Raman peaks. The peak separation between bands at 258 and 461 cm⁻¹ or 258 and 638 cm⁻¹ can also be used to measure stress.