Eating Attitudes Test and Eating Disorders Inventory: Norms for adolescent girls and boys.

Increasing attention has been given to measuring symptoms of eating disorders in adolescents, but representative norms for the two widely used measures, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT) and the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI), have not been available. The present study collected normative data on 1,373 high school boys and girls in Grades 9–12. Significant sex, but not age, differences were obtained. Scores by boys did not differ by race or socioeconomic status (SES), whereas a few slight race and SES differences occurred among girls. Percentile ranks for raw scores are presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Behavior of sutures used in anterior cruciate ligament reconstructive surgery

The presumed stellar characteristics of clinical pathways have grown in unearthly proportions to the extent that our expectations of pathway utilization are unrealistic and unfounded. Therefore, before expectations go unmet and dissatisfaction with clinical pathway outcomes becomes prevalent, we must objectively analyze the clinical pathway phenomenon and understand the origins, elements, and purpose of this clinical improvement technique.     

The effects of pentobarbital on blood-brain barrier disruption caused by intracarotid injection of hyperosmolar mannitol in rats

This study was performed to evaluate both the effects of pentobarbital on disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by hyperosmolar mannitol and the relationship between its effect on blood pressure and the integrity of the BBB. Under isoflurane anesthesia, rats in the control group were infused with 25% mannitol into the internal carotid artery before measuring the transfer coefficient (Ki) of 14C alpha-aminoisobutyric acid. Ten minutes before the administration of mannitol, rats received an infusion of pentobarbital: 20 mg/kg in the small-dose group and 50 mg/kg in the large-dose group. In another group of animals (hydralazine group), hydralazine was administered to maintain the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) at 65 mm Hg during the experimental period. The MAP of the control group (113 +/- 14 mm Hg) was significantly higher (P < 0.002) than that of the small-dose pentobarbital group (78 +/- 13 mm Hg) or the large-dose pentobarbital group (68 +/- 14 mm Hg). In the control group, the Ki of the cortex ipsilateral to the mannitol injection was increased to 4.5 times that of the contralateral cortex (14.5 +/- 7.7 vs 3.2 +/- 0.6 microL x g(-1) x min(-1); P < 0.002). The Ki of the ipsilateral cortex of the small-dose pentobarbital group was 9.7 +/- 5.6 microL x g(-1) x min(-1). The Ki of the ipsilateral cortex of the large-dose pentobarbital group was 5.5 +/- 2.9 microL x g(-1) x min(-1), and lower (-9.0 microL x g(-1) x min(-1)) than that of the control animals (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the Ki of the contralateral cortex among any of the three groups of animals. At the same MAP, the Ki of the ipsilateral cortex of the large-dose pentobarbital group was lower (-4.3 microL x g(-1) x min(-1)) than that of the hydralazine group (9.8 +/- 4.6 microL x g(-1) x min(-1)) (P < 0.05). Pentobarbital attenuated the BBB disruption induced by hyperosmolar mannitol. This may be attributed, at least in part, to the blood pressure effect of pentobarbital. Implications: When the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was disrupted by a hyperosmolar solution, pentobarbital attenuated the degree of leakage of the BBB. Systemic hypotension caused by pentobarbital played a significant role in decreasing the leakage. Our study suggests that when the BBB is disrupted, pentobarbital may be effective in protecting the BBB. Furthermore, systemic blood pressure plays an important role in determining the degree of disruption.