Formation of pearlitic banded structures in ferritic-pearlitic steels

The conditions for ferrite and pearlite banding in strip and plate made of structural steels were investigated. Factors found to influence the formation of banded structures were the cooling rate during the γ/α-transformation, the former austenite grain size, and the work-hardened condition of the former austenite. Analyses with the aid of an electron beam microprobe made it possible to demonstrate that the carbon-rich bands correspond locally with banded manganese enrichments, yet that they do not form before the course of the γ/α-transformation as a result of secondary segregation. It was possible to explain the mechanism of action of the influencing factors on the basis of this model.     

Schätzung der modalen Parameter unter Berücksichtigung systematischer Fehler der Frequenzgänge

Zusammenfassung Aufgrund von Eingangs- und Ausgangsst?rungen des Me?systems sowie einer endlichen Frequenzaufl?sung treten stets systematische (Bias-) und zuf?llige Fehler bei gemessenen Frequenzg?ngen und deren Varianzen auf. Auf solchen Frequenzg?ngen und Varianzen beruhende Sch?tzungen der modalen Parameter sind damit ebenfalls systematisch verzerrt. Um die Genauigkeit und Sicherheit der modalen Parameter zu erh?hen, wird ein Sch?tzverfahren vorgestellt, in dem der Einflu? der Biasfehler auf die Sch?tzung n?herungsweise in einer diagonalen Wichtungsmatrix berücksichtigt wird. Es wird gezeigt, da? die systematischen Fehler Einflu? auf die Absch?tzung der statistischen Sicherheit der modalen Parameter haben. Anhand zweier Beispiele wird die Wirksamkeit des Sch?tzverfahrens demonstriert. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr.-Ing. E.h.H.K. T?nshoff: Dipl.-Ing.Z. Liu, Institut für Fertigungstechnik und Spanende Werkzeugmaschinen (IFW), Universit?t Hannover.     

3G及后3G时代

1 引言 目前,3G标准已制定完备,频谱也可用,牌照已授予,基础设施也准备就绪。当日本和英国等市场的首批运营商推出3G网络时,全世界都在期待着3G之后的新技术。亚洲在决定这一新领域的过程中起着领导作用。这是因为:首先,亚洲运营商获得3G许可证的成本相对较少,因此他们的资产负债表仍处于良好状态。其次,亚洲融合了不同标准,亚洲市场有很多竞争的3G技术,不     

Infra-red and Raman spectroscopic study on the thermal stability and high temperature transformation of hydroazafullerene C59HN

Hydroazafullerene C₅₉HN was studied by vibrational infra-red and Raman spectroscopy and its thermal stability was examined. Fingerprints modes were identified and unambiguously differentiate it from bisazafullerene. At 700 K full transformation to bisazafullerene occurred, while an intermediate metastable phase was identified at 540 K showing different spectra where the splitting of most of the lines is strongly reduced.     

Role Models for Radical Innovations in Times of Open Innovation

In this paper, we study the influence of innovator roles in highly innovative ventures. In order to obtain a differentiated picture we take into account the degree of innovativeness as a moderating variable. To test our hypotheses we use a sample of 146 highly innovative new product development projects. We choose a rigorous sampling design and apply state‐of‐the‐art measures for the degree of innovativeness. Furthermore, we apply multi‐trait‐multi‐method methodology (MTMM) to enhance the validity of our study. The results show that innovator roles have a strong influence on innovation success but these influences are positively and negatively moderated by innovativeness. The moderating influences depend on the type of innovativeness. Remarkably, with increasing technological innovativeness innovator roles which create inter‐organizational links with the outside world appear to be more important than intra‐organizational linker roles, and support from high‐ranked organizational members turns out to have a significant negative effect on project success with higher degrees of technological innovativeness. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed and consequences for innovation research and innovation management are shown.     

Comparative study of self-assembling of multilayers using reactive sputter deposition and mass selective ion beam deposition

While experimenting with the growth of metal-containing amorphous carbon (a-c:Me) thin films using two different growth processes, self-assembled multilayered structures were observed. One of the processes is a reactive magnetron sputter deposition process. The other process is a mass selective ion beam deposition process. Despite of the differences in the growth method and the growth condition, self-assembled multilayered thin films, consisting of alternating dark layer and bright layer, were obtained in both processes. Based on the consideration of energy for atomic diffusion in the thin films, the growth mechanism is discussed.     

Prevention of marital distress: Results of a German prospective longitudinal study.

This article reports on the development and long-term evaluation of a marital distress prevention program for German couples, the Ein Partnerschaftliches Lernprogramm (EPL, A Couple's Learning Program). The EPL is a 6-session program designed to teach couples effective communication and problem-solving skills. In the current article, the EPL is evaluated in a prospective, quasi-experimental, controlled trial. The results of the 3-year follow-up are reported, contrasting 55 EPL couples with a control group of 17 couples. Significant differences emerged with regard to the couples' dissolution rates, relationship satisfaction, and positive and negative communication behavior favoring the EPL couples. These results demonstrate the utility of the EPL program in assisting happy couples who are preparing for marriage. The implications of the findings for prevention research and for the dissemination of prevention programs are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of growth with ethanol on fermentation and membrane fluidity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae HSc was grown with ethanol at concentrations up to 10% (v/v). The immediate effects of additions of externally added ethanol on CO₂ production and O₂ consumption of washed organisms were studied by stopped-flow membrane inlet quadrupole mass spectrometry. Fermentative activities of organisms grown with ethanol (0–5% v/v) showed similar sensitivities to inhibition by ethanol, whereas those grown with 10% (v/v) ethanol had become protected and were markedly less sensitive. The fluidity of subcellular membrane fractions was measured by determination of the temperature dependence of the rotational order parameter of the spin label 5-doxyl stearic acid (free radical) by electron spin resonance. Mitochondria prepared from yeasts grown with 0, 7 and 9% (v/v) ethanol showed similar overall fluidity, although differences in temperature-dependent behaviour indicate altered lipid composition or lateral phase separations. On the other hand the microsomal fraction from organisms grown with 9% ethanol showed a remarkable increase in fluidity. These data suggest that the protective effects of growth with ethanol near the limit of tolerance on fermentative activities may arise from altered plasma membrane fluidity properties.     

Preview benefit and parafoveal-on-foveal effects from word n + 2.

Using the gaze-contingent boundary paradigm with the boundary placed after word n, the experiment manipulated preview of word n + 2 for fixations on word n. There was no preview benefit for 1st-pass reading on word n + 2, replicating the results of K. Rayner, B. J. Juhasz, and S. J. Brown (2007), but there was a preview benefit on the 3-letter word n + 1, that is, after the boundary but before word n + 2. Additionally, both word n + 1 and word n + 2 exhibited parafoveal-on-foveal effects on word n. Thus, during a fixation on word n and given a short word n + 1, some information is extracted from word n + 2, supporting the hypothesis of distributed processing in the perceptual span. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)