Untersuchung von Korrosions- und Abscheidungsphänomenen an ausgewählten Komponenten eines Natriumkreislaufs

Evaluation of corrosion and deposition phenomena of selected components of a sodium loop The test vessels and heat exchangers of a sodium high temperature loop, which have been exposed to the flowing sodium up to 973 K and flow velocities up to 5 m/s, were examined in respect to long term corrosion effects as well as to deposition effects as well as to deposition effects. In addition to morphologic and metallographic techniques mainly chemical-analytical methods were applied to estimate concentration gradients. The stabilized austenitic steel X 8 CrNiMoNb 16 13 fulfills the demands of high-temperature application in sodium.     

A kinetic study of fabric detergency

The kinetics of soil removal were investigated under domestic laundry conditions by incorporating small swatches of four artificially soiled test fabrics into a standard load of clean cotton goods. This prevented soil redeposition from affecting the soil removal rate. Two runs were analyzed, one with an anionic and the other with a nonionic detergent. Assessment of the amount of soil remaining on the fabric was made by reflectivity measurements interpreted according to the Kubelka-Munk equation. First-order kinetics were found to prevail for periods ranging from the first 6 min of the wash cycle to the entire 20 min, depending upon test fabric and detergent. For these lengths of time, the rate of soil removal was directly proportional to the amount of soil remaining on the fabric. The 8 first-order rate constants had rather similar values, varying at most by a factor of 2.3. The average value, 0.109 min⁻¹, corresponds to a 6.4-min wash period for removing one-half of the soil and to a 21-min period for removing 90% of the soil from the soiled fabric. The magnitude of the response of the four artificially soiled test fabrics to the two detergents is compared and discussed in terms of the soiling materials. The nonionic detergent was more effective in cleaning a fabric soiled mainly with kaolin and wool fat, while the anionic detergent was more effective with a fabric containing large amounts of liquid oily soil plus carbon black and oleophilic bentonite.     

Momente beim Biegen gegossener Stahlstränge

Bestimmung der Momente beim Biegen von Stahlsträngen mit einem Digitalrechenprogramm. Vergleich von Rechenergebnissen und Meßwerten.     

Untersuchungen zur Löslichkeit,Korngrenzensegregation und chemisch-analytischen Bestimmung des Tellurs im Eisen

Die Löslichkeit von Tellur in Eisen wurde durch licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Prüfung von Fe–Te-Legierungen auf Ausscheidungen bestimmt. In α-Eisen bei 700°C sind etwa 50 ppm und bei 850°C 120 ppm löslich, in γ-Eisen lösen sich bei 930°C 5 ppm und bei 1000°C 22 ppm Te. Bei höheren Konzentrationen wird FeTe_0,9 festgestellt. In Fe–Mn–Te-Legierungen wird das Te als Mangantellurid gebunden, dieses bildet Einschlüsse gemeinsam mit Mangansulfid. In Fe–Ti–Te-Legierungen wird nur ein kleiner Anteil Te in Titansulfiden gelöst. Tellur segregiert an die Korngrenzen von α- und γ-Eisen und bewirkt interkristallinen Bruch. Die mit AES bestimmten Korngrenzenkonzentrationen nehmen mit der Lösungskonzentration zu und erreichen bei Überschreiten der Löslichkeit einen Sättigungswert. Die Korngrenzensegregation nimmt mit zunehmender Temperatur ab. Tellur bewirkt eine auffallende Facettierung der Korngrenzflächen, es entstehen Strukturen mit Terrassen und Stufen. Die Proben brechen hierdurch bereits während der Auslagerung an den Korngrenzen auf und zeigen Kornzerfall. In Mn-haltigen Proben wird keine Korngrenzensegregation des Te beobachtet, wenn das Tellur völlig vom Mangan abgebunden ist; in diesem Fall ist der interkristalline Anteil der Bruchflächen sehr gering. Die chemische Bestimmung von Tellur in Eisen und Stählen kann sehr vorteilhaft mit der Atomabsorptionsspektroskopie durchgeführt werden, es wurden die Flammen- und die Graphitrohrmethode untersucht. Die Bestimmung kleiner Tellurgehalte in Stählen durch Atomisieren im Graphitrohr wird durch Chlorid, Chrom, Mangan und Nickel beeinflußt. Zu einer deutlichen Optimierung des Atomisierungsablaufs führt das Atomisieren von einer in das Graphitrohr eingeführten Plattform. Lediglich Mangan vermindert dann die Intensität des Absorptionssignals. Es wird eine Nachweisgrenze von 0,2 ppm Tellur bei einer relativen Standardabweichung von 30% erreicht. Mit der Flammentechnik gelingt die Bestimmung bis zu 50 ppm Tellur.     

Relationship between the physical properties of chlorogenic acid esters and their ability to inhibit lipid oxidation in oil-in-water emulsions

In oil-in-water emulsions, the physical location of antioxidants has been postulated to be one of the most important factors impacting activity. The purpose of this research was to examine how the esterification of various hydrocarbon chains (C₄, C₈, or C₁₂) onto chlorogenic acid (CGA) influenced physical properties and antioxidant activity in menhaden oil-in-water emulsions. Both surface activity and partitioning of CGA and its hydrocarbon esters into the lipid phase of oil-in-water emulsions increased with increasing size of the hydrocarbon chain. When CGA and its esters were added to a menhaden oil-in-water emulsion at concentration that resulted in equal free radical scavenging activity, CGA, butyl CGA and octyl CGA had similar antioxidant activity while dodecyl CGA was ineffective. These results suggest that phenolic antioxidants conjugated with hydrocarbon chains are more highly associated with lipid emulsions droplets, but these changes in physical properties did not increase antioxidant activity.     

Magnetic Field‐Induced Phase Transformation in NiMnCoIn Magnetic Shape‐Memory Alloys—A New Actuation Mechanism with Large Work Output

Magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) have recently been developed into a new class of functional materials that are capable of magnetic‐field‐induced actuation, mechanical sensing, magnetic refrigeration, and energy harvesting. In the present work, the magnetic &!hyphen;field‐induced martensitic phase transformation (FIPT) in Ni₄₅Mn_36.5Co₅In_13.5 MSMA single crystals is characterized as a new actuation mechanism with potential to result in ultra‐high actuation work outputs. The effects of the applied magnetic field on the transformation temperatures, magnetization, and superelastic response are investigated. The magnetic work output of NiMnCoIn alloys is determined to be more than 1 MJ m^?3 per Tesla, which is one order of magnitude higher than that of the most well‐known MSMAs, i.e., NiMnGa alloys. In addition, the work output of NiMnCoIn alloys is orientation independent, potentially surpassing the need for single crystals, and not limited by a saturation magnetic field, as opposed to NiMnGa MSMAs. Experimental and theoretical transformation strains and magnetostress levels are determined as a function of crystal orientation. It is found that [111]‐oriented crystals can demonstrate a magnetostress level of 140 MPa T^?1 with 1.2% axial strain under compression. These field‐induced stress and strain levels are significantly higher than those from existing piezoelectric and magnetostrictive actuators. A thermodynamical framework is introduced to comprehend the magnetic energy contributions during FIPT. The present work reveals that the magnetic FIPT mechanism is promising for magnetic actuation applications and provides new opportunities for applications requiring high actuation work‐outputs with relatively large actuation frequencies. One potential issue is the requirement for relatively high critical magnetic fields and field intervals (1.5–3 T) for the onset of FIPT and for reversible FIPT, respectively.     

Charge Transfer Excitons in Polymer/Fullerene Blends: The Role of Morphology and Polymer Chain Conformation

Here, it is shown how carrier recombination through charge transfer excitons between conjugated polymers and fullerene molecules is mainly controlled by the intrachain conformation of the polymer, and to a limited extent by the mesoscopic morphology of the blend. This experimental result is obtained by combining near‐infrared photoluminescence spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, which are sensitive to charge transfer exciton emission and morphology, respectively. The photoluminescence intensity of the charge transfer exciton is correlated to the degree of intrachain order of the polymer, highlighting an important aspect for understanding and limiting carrier recombination in organic photovoltaics.     

Modelle für die Berechnung der Ausziehtragfähigkeit von selbstbohrenden Holzschrauben

Equations to calculate the withdrawal capacity of self-tapping screws, arranged in softwood, were determined. Based on results of 1850 withdrawal tests and by means of a regression analysis one equation for the withdrawal resistance and two further equations for the withdrawal parameter (resistance over nominal screw diameter and penetration depth) were derived. Nominal screw diameter, penetration depth and characteristic density of the softwood used are the independent variables in the equations, which are valid for an angle in the range of 45° to 90° between the screw axis and the grain. The equation for the withdrawal resistance delivers, also in comparison with code rules, the most favourable values. It enables now a more accurate estimation of the withdrawal resistance for wood screws with geometrical properties similar to those of the screws used for the tests. Hence, the benefit of this study is the reduction in testing, which is currently necessary for technical approvals.     

Evaluation and simulation of the peel behavior of polyethylene/polybutene‐1 peel systems

The peel characteristics of sealed low‐density polyethylene/isotactic polybutene‐1 (PE‐LD/iPB‐1) films, with different contents of iPB‐1 up to 20 m.‐% (mass percentage), were evaluated and simulated in dependence on the iPB‐1 content, and in dependence on the peel rate. Sealing involves close contact and localized melting of two films for a few seconds. The required force, to separate the local adhered films, is the peel force, which is influenced, among others, by the content of iPB‐1. The peel force decreases exponentially with increasing iPB‐1 content. Transmission electron microscopy studies reveal a favorable dispersion of the iPB‐1 particles within the seal area, for iPB‐1 concentrations ≥6 m.‐%. Here, the iPB‐1 particles form continuous belt‐like structures, which lead to a stable and reproducible peel process. The investigation of the peel rate‐dependency on the peel characteristics is of important interest for practical applications. The peel force increases with increasing peel rate by an exponential law. A numerical simulation of the present material system proves to be useful to comprehend the peel process, and to understand the peel behavior in further detail. Peel tests of different peel samples were simulated, using a two‐dimensional finite element model, including cohesive zone elements. The established finite element model of the peel process was used to simulate the influence of the modulus of elasticity on the peel behavior. The peel force is independent of the modulus of elasticity, however, the peel initiation value increases with increasing modulus of elasticity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009