Personality correlates of the Goodman Socio-Sexual Adjustment Scale.

Administered Goodman's Socio-Sexual Adjustment Scale to 71 male undergraduates, and assessed their personalities by means of the Omnibus Personality Inventory (OPI). Based on Goodman-OPI correlations of p     

ROSS AND BUDE FORMATIONS (CARBONIFEROUS, IRELAND AND ENGLAND): REINTERPRETED AS LAKE-SHELF TURBIDITES

The Ross Formation (Namurian, Ireland) and the near‐identical Bude Formation (Westphalian, England), both amply described in the literature, are used by oil companies as deep‐sea‐fan reservoir analogues. However, the Ross Formation is reinterpreted here, like the Bude Formation in recent publications, to be composed of river‐fed turbidites deposited on the wave‐influenced northern shelf of a Variscan foreland‐basin lake, which also had a southern flysch trough. Key features of these formations are: (i) two classes of thin (≤ 0.4m) sandstone “event bed” in shale comprising (a) structureless turbidite‐like beds, and (b) rippled beds with combined‐flow ripples and/or hummocky cross‐stratification, neither structure having previously been reported from the Ross Formation; (ii) “trademark” tabular packets (1–10 m) of amalgamated event beds which interfinger laterally with mudstones; (iii) sharp packet bases and tops; (iv) rare sinuous channel fills; and (v) rare thick (1–10m) shale units, each containing a thin (cm‐dm) fossiliferous band. The fossil bands are interpreted here as maximum flooding surfaces, reflecting glacioeustatic marine incursions over the lake spill point (sill), forcing the lake to rise and to turn marine or strongly brackish; these bands define Galloway‐type depositional sequences 50–100 m thick. During eustatic falls, the lake was forced down to sill level, where it perched and turned fresh (desalination). Intervals containing sandstone packets are attributed to the falling‐stage and lowstand systems tracts, each packet representing a higher‐order lowstand systems tract. Packets are interpreted as tongue shaped, supplied by river‐fed underflows. Packet bases (sharp) represent the storm‐wave‐graded equilibrium shelf profile, glacioeustatically forced to its lowstand position. On this erosion surface were deposited underflow turbidites produced by floods in the catchment. Occasional catastrophic storms on the lake shaved these turbidites and interfingering fair‐weather muds back down to the equilibrium level, leaving behind a subsidence‐accommodated increment whose surface was sculpted by storm wind and wave currents, forming hummocks, combined‐flow ripples and erosional megaflutes. Whenever a river‐fed underflow accompanied one of these storms, the resulting highly erosive combined flow carved a sinuous channel on the wave‐sculpted equilibrium surface. Sandstone‐shale intervals separating the sandstone packets are interpreted as transgressive‐ and highstand systems tracts. They contain both turbidites and wave‐modified turbidites (rippled beds), deposited on the out‐of‐equilibrium drowned shelf. A gradual rotation in sole‐mark direction with time in both formations is attributed to a reversal of Coriolis deflection as the plate drifted north across the equator, causing underflows (deflected along‐shelf geostrophically) to flow first NEwards and then SWwards on an inferred SE‐facing shelf. The lack of evidence for emergence in the Ross and Bude Formations, in spite of the great thicknesses (460m and 1,290m, respectively) of these shallow‐water deposits, is attributed to regulation of minimum water depth firstly by the lake sill blocking eustatically‐forced exposure, and secondly by storm grading, preventing emergence by sedimentation.     

Incidence of coagulase positive Staphylococcus on beef carcasses in three Australian abattoirs.

The contamination of beef carcasses with coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) was studied at three beef abattoirs (A, B and C). The incidence and the number of CPS were determined on cattle hides immediately after slaughter and on three carcass sites (brisket, flank and round) at different points during processing along the slaughter line. The incidence of CPS on cattle hides ranged from 20 to 68.6%. At abattoir A, 6.5% of the carcasses sampled before evisceration were contaminated with CPS, compared to 40% of the carcasses after evisceration. The incidence on carcasses changed little during further processing; however, after chilling for 72 h, the incidence increased to 83%. After evisceration, the brisket and flank areas were more often contaminated than the round. A similar pattern of contamination was observed at abattoir B. At abattoir C, 26.7% of the samples collected before evisceration were contaminated and this fell to 16.7% after evisceration. After chilling for 72 h, the incidence of carcass contamination with CPS increased to 46.7%. The average number of CPS on contaminated carcasses prior to and after overnight chilling was less than 50 colony-forming units (cfu)/cm2 and, after weekend chilling, increased to 64 and 112 cfu/cm2 in abattoirs A and B, respectively. Of the isolates tested, 71.4% produced staphylococcal enterotoxin and 21% could not be classified phenotypically. The hands of workers and environmental sites associated with the evisceration process were examined for CPS at abattoir A. Hands were heavily contaminated and were the likely source of CPS contamination at this abattoir.     

Effects of dietary exposure of 4-nonylphenol on growth and smoltification of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)

There is considerable concern that endocrine disrupting substances such as 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) in the freshwater environment may have adverse effects on the growth, survival, and osmoregulatory ability of salmonids during and after their transfer to sea water. This study was conducted to examine the effects of dietary exposure of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) to 4-NP during the parr-smolt transformation phase of their life cycle. Under laboratory conditions, juvenile fish were fed by hand twice daily to satiation diets dosed with one of several concentrations of 4-NP (doses varied between 0 (control) and 2000 mg/kg) for 4 weeks, then immediately transferred to sea water. Growth was observed for two successive 6-week periods following sea water transfer when all groups were fed the control diet (no supplemental 4-NP) only. In addition to 4-NP measurement in fish tissues, thyroid hormone concentrations in blood plasma were followed and related to diet treatment and sampling time. Dietary treatment of 4-NP did not influence the growth and smoltification of coho salmon, a result that conflicts to some extent with other reports in which deleterious effects of water-borne 4-NP on the smoltification process of salmonids were linked to disruption of the endocrine system. Appreciable concentrations of 4-NP were present in the livers, gall bladders and tissues after the 4-week exposure of coho salmon to the highest dietary dose of 4-NP, but 4-NP appeared to be effectively eliminated from the fish by the biliary-fecal pathway after sea water transfer.     

Book reviews

Urban Policy Evaluation: Challenge and Change. R. Hambleton & H. Thomas (Eds). Liverpool, Paul Chapman, 1995, 258 pp., £17.95 ISBN 1–85396–271–6

Environmental Strategy and Sustainable Development. R. Welford. Routledge, London, 1995, 217 pp, £12.99, ISBN 0–415–10552–8

Urban Agriculture in Zimbabwe. B. Mbiba. Ashgate, Aldershot, UK and Brookfield, VT, 1995, £35.00, ISBN 185628 857 9

Housing Women. Rose Gilroy & Roberta Woods (Eds.). London, Routledge, 1994, 304 pp., £14.99, ISBN 0–415–09463–1

Census User's Handbook. S. Openshaw (Ed.). Longmans, 1995, 454 pp., £19.95, ISBN 0–470234–814

Reconstituting Rurality. J. Murdoch & T. Marsden. London, UCL Press, 1994, 272 pp., £40.00, ISBN 1–85728–041–5

Development and Administration of Prague. M. Barlow, P. Dostal, & M. Hampl (Eds). Amsterdam, Instituut voor Sociale Geographie, Universiteit van Amsterdam, 1994, 170 pp., 35DG, ISBN 9–06993–086‐Z

Local Development, Restructuring, Locality and Local Initiative in Portugal. S. Syrett. Aldershot, Avebury, 1995, 371 pp., £40.00, ISBN 1 85628 484 0     

Spatial and temporal variation of mortality and deprivation. 1: widening health inequalities

"In this paper we examine the relationship between premature mortality and material deprivation both over time (the intercensal period, 1981-91) and over space (for the population in wards and ward groups in Wales). Our focus is on the methods of analysis for small area...multiple cross-section mortality data and their application to the substantive issue of the persistent and widening inequalities in Wales.... We examine all-cause deaths and mortality by specific disease classes for groups (quintiles) of wards ranked according to standard measures of material deprivation. Although there have been reductions in premature mortality across all deprivation groups in Wales, over the decade, the gap has widened between the most and least deprived areas."