Adaptation of bovine milk towards mares’ milk composition by means of membrane technology for koumiss manufacture

This study was carried out to determine the physical, chemical, microbiological and organoleptic properties of koumiss made from bovine milk. The bovine milk was modified according to the composition of mares’ milk using ultrafiltration, microfiltration and nanofiltration. Koumiss made from modified bovine milk and mares’ milk were compared. In order to assess options for a consistent fermentation, a starter culture, instead of the prevailing spontaneous flora in traditional manufacture of koumiss, was used. Key compositional factors modified were the contents of dry matter, mineral, protein and lactose and the casein-to-whey protein ratio. Koumiss made from modified bovine milk and by starter cultures was found to be very similar to koumiss from mares’ milk in terms of pH, titratable acidity, alcohol, proteolytic activity, apparent viscosity, and microbiological composition, when assessed both in the freshly made product and that after 15 days storage at 4°C.     

Improved mapping of in-mouth creaminess of semi-solid dairy products by combining rheology,particle size,and tribology data

The effects of fat, protein, and casein to whey protein ratio on lubricating properties of stirred yogurt were determined and the relation of those to the sensory properties graininess, viscosity, and creaminess was assessed. Results demonstrated decreased friction effects with increasing fat and protein level, and decreasing proportion of whey protein. The predictive ability of in-mouth viscosity (r² = 0.91) and in-mouth creaminess (r² = 0.97) could be improved by combined assessments of rheological, particle size, and tribological characteristics. Graininess was not affected by friction data. To this end, the applicability of generated models has been tested. This study depicts a better understanding of the key drivers for creaminess and enables food manufacturers to develop fat-reduced dairy products without compromise on sensory properties.     

Inhibitoren der Korrosion (8) Über die Abhängigkeit der Korrosionsinhibierung des Eisens in Salzsäure von der Struktur quartärer Phosphoniumsalze

Inhibition of the corrosion of iron in hydrochlorid acid as a function of the structure of quaternary phosphonium salts In the case of quaternary phospho-nium salts there is no direct relation between their inhibiting power in deaer-ated acid media and the polarographi-cally determined reduction potentials. The inhibiting effect can in a first line be attributed to sterical factors con-nected with the fragments formed after incorporation of two electrons and be-coming fixed to the iron surface. Biphosphonium salts having saturated or unsaturated bridges are excellent in-hibitors under the conditions mentioned. Most efficient are biphosphonium salts having chaines of 4 to 10 methylene groups between the phosphonium cen-tres. The rigid p-phenylene radikal is less suitable as a linking principle. Phe-nyl phosphine and diphenyl phosphine in low concentrations accelerate corro-sion and exhibit a protective effect only in higher concentrations. Polymers having incorporated phos-phonium centres are only moderate inhibitors when compared to biphospho-nium salts. The synthesis is outlined and some physical and chemical properties are given.     

Inhibitoren der Korrosion 10 (1). Nachweis der Sekundärinhibition durch Allyl-triphenyl-phosphonium- bzw. arsoniumbromid und N-Allyl-chinaldiniumbromid

Corrosion inhibitors (10) Demonstration of the secondary inhibition by allyl triphenyl phosphonium and arsonium bromides and N-ally1 quinaldinium bromide Triphenyl allyl phosphonium (1) and arsonium (2) salts as well as allyl quinaldinium bromide (4) are corrosion inhibitors of moderate efficiency. In acid media they are reduced by carfinyl iron powder to yield triphenyl phosphine and triphenyl arsine respectively and quinaldine. The two products mentioned the first form a layer on carbonyl iron and, after extraction, may be identified by gas chromatography. The allyl group is eliminated by iron from 1, 2 and 4, yielding Pro-pene, propane and, probably, cyclopropane. The hydrocarbon quantities determined by gas chromatography are in good agreement with the values found in the gravimetric determination of allyl-onium salts after the reaction. Ally triphenyl phosphonium bromide ( I ) and allyl diphenyl sulfonium tetraborate (3) yield propene and propane in a 1:1 ratio. In the case of (2) and (4) this ratio is shifted to 14:l and 7:l respectively. The hydrocarbon proportion in the gas mix-ture is higher at the beginning of the reaction than toward its end; at the beginning, the Propane:propene ratio is also displaced, the formation of propane having priority.     

Structure and electrical conductivity of TCNQ-2,3,7,8-tetramethoxychalcogenanthrene complexes

Charge-transfer complexes formed by reaction of 2,3,7,8-tetramethoxychalcogenanthrenes(5,10-dichalcogenacyclo-diveratrylenes, ‘Vn₂E₂’) with 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) are prepared and their structures determined. Spin concentration, mobilities and gap energies of the polycrystalline samples are evaluated from e.s.r. intensities and electrical conductivity measurements. The influence of the different chalcogen atoms on physical properties is discussed.     

Natural perspective projections for head-mounted displays

The display units integrated in today's head-mounted displays (HMDs) provide only a limited field of view (FOV) to the virtual world. In order to present an undistorted view to the virtual environment (VE), the perspective projection used to render the VE has to be adjusted to the limitations caused by the HMD characteristics. In particular, the geometric field of view (GFOV), which defines the virtual aperture angle used for rendering of the 3D scene, is set up according to the display field of view (DFOV). A discrepancy between these two fields of view distorts the geometry of the VE in a way that either minifies or magnifies the imagery displayed to the user. It has been shown that this distortion has the potential to affect a user's perception of the virtual space, sense of presence, and performance on visual search tasks. In this paper, we analyze the user's perception of a VE displayed in a HMD, which is rendered with different GFOVs. We introduce a psychophysical calibration method to determine the HMD's actual field of view, which may vary from the nominal values specified by the manufacturer. Furthermore, we conducted two experiments to identify perspective projections for HMDs, which are identified as natural by subjects--even if these perspectives deviate from the perspectives that are inherently defined by the DFOV. In the first experiment, subjects had to adjust the GFOV for a rendered virtual laboratory such that their perception of the virtual replica matched the perception of the real laboratory, which they saw before the virtual one. In the second experiment, we displayed the same virtual laboratory, but restricted the viewing condition in the real world to simulate the limited viewing condition in a HMD environment. We found that subjects evaluate a GFOV as natural when it is larger than the actual DFOV of the HMD--in some cases up to 50 percent--even when subjects viewed the real space with a limited field of view.     

Interactive Volume Rendering with Dynamic Ambient Occlusion and Color Bleeding

We propose a method for rendering volumetric data sets at interactive frame rates while supporting dynamic ambient occlusion as well as an approximation to color bleeding. In contrast to ambient occlusion approaches for polygonal data, techniques for volumetric data sets have to face additional challenges, since by changing rendering parameters, such as the transfer function or the thresholding, the structure of the data set and thus the light interactions may vary drastically. Therefore, during a preprocessing step which is independent of the rendering parameters we capture light interactions for all combinations of structures extractable from a volumetric data set. In order to compute the light interactions between the different structures, we combine this preprocessed information during rendering based on the rendering parameters defined interactively by the user. Thus our method supports interactive exploration of a volumetric data set but still gives the user control over the most important rendering parameters. For instance, if the user alters the transfer function to extract different structures from a volumetric data set the light interactions between the extracted structures are captured in the rendering while still allowing interactive frame rates. Compared to known local illumination models for volume rendering our method does not introduce any substantial rendering overhead and can be integrated easily into existing volume rendering applications. In this paper we will explain our approach, discuss the implications for interactive volume rendering and present the achieved results.     

An eight-year follow-up of a management assessment center.

47 individuals evaluated in a management assessment center in 1967 in the marketing organization of a large manufacturing company were followed up 8 yrs later. Both the overall assessment center rating and a general management evaluation of potential derived from personnel files were significantly related to position level attained after 8 yrs for 30 individuals still with the company. The shrunken multiple correlation of these 2 predictors with level attained was .58. Characteristics of aggressiveness, persuasiveness, oral communications, and self-confidence plus test scales of ascendency and self-assurance were most strongly related to level attained 8 yrs later. It is commented that while the validity of this specific assessment center for predicting advancement appears adequate, additional research is desirable to evaluate the ability to predict performance in management. (7 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comparison of "real life" assessments of management potential with situational exercises, paper-and-pencil ability tests, and personality inventories.

In a 2-day assessment program evaluated the degree of active participation in the group situational exercises, and administrative and decision-making ability of 47 members of a large national marketing organization. Paper-and-pencil ability tests and personality inventories were less clearly related to assessments of managerial potential. Ratings of management potential developed from a careful review of company personnel records were as highly correlated with the assessment center data as were overall ratings from the 2-day program, except for ratings dealing with interpersonal behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Multiphase visualisation of fat containing β-lactoglobulin-κ-carrageenan gels by confocal scanning laser microscopy, using a novel dye, V03-01136, for fat staining

In this study, the gel strength and visible microstructure of fat containing β-lactoglobulin-κ-carrageenan gels were investigated using puncture testing and confocal scanning laser microscopy, respectively. The gel strength was closely linked to the visible microstructure of the whey protein network as stained with Rhodamine B. Covalent labelling of κ-carrageenan with FITC prior to gel formation enabled localisation of the hydrocolloid phase, but caused a significant drop in the gel strength. This effect coincided with the observed reduction of the κ-carrageenan intrinsic viscosity, which was found to be a result of the labelling process. The use of a novel dye, V03-01136, for the staining of fat allowed for the specific and concurrent visualisation of the protein, hydrocolloid and fat phases under the conditions applied in the study.