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21.
The channel throughput for a finite number of packet broadcasting users is analyzed for random access protocols, including slotted persistent carrier sense multiple access (CSMA) with and without collision detection and unslotted persistent CSMA with and without collision detection. We consider bothp - and 1-persistent CSMA. Our results can be extended to infinite population cases (by taking the proper limit), where they agree with the known throughput expressions when available. 相似文献
22.
Thirty-four heifers (24 Holstein, 8 Ayrshire, 2 Jersey) and 12 Holstein steer calves were grouped into 23 blocks of 2 animals each according to breed, sex, and body weight. Animals in each block were randomly assigned to control or treated groups. The treated group received an anthelmintic bolus containing morantel tartrate before they were permitted access to pasture. A 2.6 ha pasture was divided in half with a double fence; the resulting two pastures had separate feed and water troughs. Steer calves were slaughtered upon termination of the trial to ascertain gastrointestinal parasite burdens. Two worm-free tracer calves were placed on each pasture every 2 mo and slaughtered after 4 wk of grazing to determine parasite infectivity of pastures. Herbage samples were obtained monthly and analyzed for infective larvae. The trial was conducted for 141 d during the grazing season. Treatment resulted in 90% reduction in infective larvae on pasture, 74% reduction in fecal worm-eggs, 91% reduction in adult worm burdens, and a trend toward reduced worm burdens in tracer calves by 52%. An overall average daily gain of .68 and .88 kg was obtained for control and treated animals. Reproductive data for the heifers remaining in the herd from the trial showed that treatment resulted in 44 less days to first breeding. 相似文献
23.
Because of its high–temperature chemical stability, SiC ceramic is a promising material for high-temperature device applications such as thermoelectric energy converters. However, the electrical conductivity of SiC ceramic is too low for it to be used as a thermoelectric energy converter at the cold junction. Therefore, we propose a SiC-Si functionally gradient material (FGM) in order to improve the electrical conductivity of the SiC ceramic at the cold junction. An SiC rod was fired in a temperature gradient furnace. One end of the SiC rod was maintained at 2473 K and the other end was maintained at 1973 K for 30 min. After firing, the porous SiC edge fired at 1973 K was dipped into molten Si in order to infiltrate molten Si into the porous SiC. The microstructure of the FGM is classified into three regions: the SiC-Si composite material; the porous SiC ceramic; and the densified SiC ceramic. The electrical conductivity, the Seebeck coefficient and the thermal conductivity for each region of SiC-Si FGM was measured at 300 K; a figure of merit was calculated. The figure of merit of the SiC-Si FGM at the cold junction, at room temperature, was 108 times higher than that of a nongradient SiC ceramic. 相似文献
24.
T Imai M Baba M Nishimura M Kakizaki S Takagi O Yoshie 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1997,272(23):15036-15042
Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) is a recently identified CC chemokine that is expressed constitutively in thymus and transiently in stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. TARC functions as a selective chemoattractant for T cells that express a class of receptors binding TARC with high affinity and specificity. To identify the receptor for TARC, we produced TARC as a fusion protein with secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) and used it for specific binding. By stably transfecting five orphan receptors and five known CC chemokine receptors (CCR1 to -5) into K562 cells, we found that TARC-SEAP bound selectively to cells expressing CCR4. TARC-SEAP also bound to K562 cells stably expressing CCR4 with a high affinity (Kd = 0.5 nM). Only TARC and not five other CC chemokines (MCP-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1), RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cells expressed and secreted), MIP-1alpha (macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha), MIP-1beta, and LARC (liver and activation-regulated chemokine)) competed with TARC-SEAP for binding to CCR4. TARC but not RANTES or MIP-1alpha induced migration and calcium mobilization in 293/EBNA-1 cells stably expressing CCR4. K562 cells stably expressing CCR4 also responded to TARC in a calcium mobilization assay. Northern blot analysis revealed that CCR4 mRNA was expressed strongly in human T cell lines and peripheral blood T cells but not in B cells, natural killer cells, monocytes, or granulocytes. Taken together, TARC is a specific functional ligand for CCR4, and CCR4 is the specific receptor for TARC selectively expressed on T cells. 相似文献
25.
Hiroyuki Miki Takanori Takeno Toshiyuki Takagi Alexei Bozhko Mikhail Shupegin Hideya Onodera Takao Komiyama Takashi Aoyama 《Diamond and Related Materials》2006,15(11-12):1898
Superconductivity in a tungsten-containing carbon-oxide film was reported. The film with 500 nm thickness was deposited onto polycrystalline silicon oxides using chemical vapor deposition and the co-sputtering of a tungsten metal target. The bonding state of the carbon atoms and the macroscopic and microscopic crystal structure of the film were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy measurements. From the experimental results, we determined that this film essentially had an amorphous structure. The temperature dependence on resistivity was measured in the temperature range of 2–300 K. Resistive superconducting transition was observed at 3.8 K. The dc magnetizations were measured in the temperature range of 1.8–6.5 K. The diamagnetism resulting from a superconductive state was observed below 3.75 K, which is consistent with a resistive superconducting transition. It is thought that the finite sized clusters of the different superconductive transition temperatures cooperatively produce a macroscopic superconducting phenomenon. 相似文献
26.
A molecular orbital approach to materials design has recently made great progress. This approach is based on the electronic structure calculations by the DV-Xα cluster method. In this paper recent progress in this approachis reviewed. In particular 相似文献
27.
Highly transparent cellulose hydrogels with physical crosslinkage were prepared from nonaqueous organic cellulose solutions and viscose by coagulating and regenerating cellulose in an aqueous solution containing a water‐miscible organic solvent. Nonaqueous organic cellulose solutions used were LiCl/dimethylacetamide, paraformaldehyde/dimethyl sulfoxide, and triethylammonium chloride/dimethyl sulfoxide. Preparation conditions and physical properties of the transparent cellulose hydrogels were studied. The transparency of the cellulose hydrogels depended on the composition of the aqueous solution containing the organic solvent. Furthermore, transparent cellulose hydrogels from viscose showed high tensile strength. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 3020–3025, 2003 相似文献
28.
Kyoko Kawagishi Hiroshi Harada Akihiro Sato Atsushi Sato Toshiharu Kobayashi 《JOM Journal of the Minerals, Metals and Materials Society》2006,58(1):43-46
The fourth-generation nickel-based single-crystal superalloys, which contain large amounts of refractory metals for strengthening
and platinum group metals for topologically close-packed phase prevention, show excellent high-temperature strength. However,
these alloying elements seem to decrease high-temperature oxidation resistance. In this study, nickel-based superalloys with
various amounts of tantalum, rhenium, and ruthenium were examined in isothermal and cyclic exposures at 1,100°C to investigate
the effect on the oxide growth rate and resistance to scale spallation. Ruthenium and rhenium were found to degrade the oxidation
resistance by the vaporization of their oxide. Tantalum-rich oxide in the spinel layer acts to stabilize ruthenium and rhenium
oxide in the scale. The addition of hafnium and yttrium is effective in improving the oxidation resistance of ruthenium-containing
nickel-based superalloys. 相似文献
29.
Yoshio Yamashita Hideyuki Jinbo Ryuji Kawazu Takateru Asano Hiroshi Umehara 《Polymer Engineering and Science》1991,31(12):855-859
LMR-UV (“low molecular weight resist for uv lithography”), a naphthoquinone-diazide sulfonic acid ester of a novolak resin, is a negative working resist. The mechanism of insolubilization of LMR-UV is based on the facts that the naphthoquinone-diazide moiety is decomposed to indenecarboxylic acid (polar compound) by photolysis upon UV irradiation and that the irradiated resist film insolubilizes in a non-polar developer. LMR-UV reliably forms 0.6 μm lines and spaces over a reflective substrate with steps by using a g-line stepper having a 0.35 NA lens. 0.6 μm-wide aluminum patterns over topography are obtained by use of g-line exposure and reactive ion etching. By use of an i-line aligner (NA = 0.42), LMR-UV resolves 0.25 μm space patterns with overhang profiles. The profiles are due to the large absorption coefficient of 3.8 μm?1. 0.3 μm wide aluminum patterns are formed by i-line exposure and lift-off metallization. 相似文献
30.