Correction to Holland and Copenhaver.

Reports an error in "Improved Bonferroni-type multiple testing procedures" by Burt S. Holland and Margaret D. Copenhaver (Psychological Bulletin, 1988[Jul], Vol 104[1], 145-149). An error was made in the author note on page 145. Correspondence should be addressed to Burt S. Holland, Department of Statistics, Temple University, Speakman Hall (006-00), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122. Margaret DiPonzio Copenhaver is now at Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1988-34705-001.) The Bonferroni multiple comparisons procedure is customarily used when doing several simultaneous tests of significance in relatively nonstandard situations in which other methods do not apply. We review some new and improved competitors to the Bonferroni procedure, that although constraining generalized Type I error probability to be at most α, afford increased power in exchange for increased complexity in implementation. An improvement to the weighted form of the Bonferroni procedure is also presented. Several data sets are reanalyzed with the new methods. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Dimensions, patterns, and personality correlates of drug abuse in an offender population.

Factor analyzed 12 drug abuse scores obtained from each of 215 prisoners resulting in 2 factors describing the lifetime degree of use of cannabis vs opiate types of drugs. Multiple discriminant analysis of MMPI profiles vs drug abuse patterns indicated a moderate, unidimensional relationship between these 2 sets of variables. The MMPI profiles of both groups of opiate users were configurally similar to, though less highly elevated than, those identified in previous research with narcotic addicts, suggesting certain differences between the present sample and drug abuse cases encountered in other settings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Frequency-Dependent Attenuation Effects in Pulsed Doppler Ultrasound: Experimental Results

The quantitative capability of pulsed Doppler ultrasound in clinical practice is limited by the effects of frequency-dependent attenuation of ultrasound in tissue, as well as several other spectral-broadening mechanisms which distort the Doppler spectrum of an ultrasonic echo. In this communication, we present results of in vitro experiments which demonstrate the magnitude of the errors expected in clinical measurements of blood flow parameters when frequency-dependent attenuation Of ultrasound in biological tissue is ignored. It is shown that errors as large as 15 percent may occur in Doppler measurements of blood flow velocity through 7 cm of intervening tissue. A comparison is also made between experimental results and a theoretical model which includes the effects of scattering and attenuation.     

Quality of corneal donor tissue in the greater-than-75-year age group

Impaired nasal breathing has been reported to cause changes in human head posture. The aim of this study was to assess whether there was any relationship between nasorespiratory function and variables of head posture in 58 young adults. The pressure flow technique was used to measure airflow rate and oral/nasal pressure and to calculate the smallest cross-sectional area of the nasal airway. A natural head position roentgenocephalogram was used to measure the craniovertical angulation (NSL/VER), craniocervical angulation (NSL/OPT), and cervical spine inclination (OPT/HOR). The results showed a trend toward enlarged craniocervical angulation and forward inclination of the cervical spine in subjects with a relatively large nasal cross-sectional area. Though the general opinion on the effects of reduced upper airway size on head posture is opposite, these results are an experimental confirmation of the theoretically expected mechanism that leads to increased head extension in obstructed subjects.     

On the recollection of specific- and partial-source information

Memory judgments can be based on information that is more or less specific with respect to the source of an item. The authors introduce a procedure and multinomial model for measuring specific- and partial-source information. In 2 experiments, participants heard words spoken by 4 different voices: 2 male voices and 2 female voices. During the test, participants were required to remember who spoke the test items (e.g., Male 1, Male 2, Female 1, Female 2, or new word). Participants often remembered information about the gender of the source (i.e., partial-source information) when they did not remember information that identified the source itself (i.e., specific-source information). Dividing attention during retrieval impaired participants' memory for specific-source information (i.e., voice information) but did not affect memory for partial-source information (i.e., gender information).     

INFORMATION POTENTIAL: A Concept of the Importance of Information Sources in a Research and Development Environment

Recent research suggests that a few R & D professionals serve as communication nodes for their organizations. A study of these special communicators revealed that they were seen to have more value as information sources to their colleagues. The hypothesis, that individuals with high information source value have exposure to both a greater number of and a greater diversity of information sources, was investigated and was generally supported by research data collected by questionnaire in three separate R & D organizations.     

The diversity of potential cheese ripening characteristics of lactic acid starter bacteria: 2. The levels and subcellular distributions of peptidase and esterase activities

The levels and subcellular distributions of various peptidase and esterase activities in a range of lactococcal and Streptococcus thermophilus strains were investigated. There was no correlation between the levels of the enzymes in the different strains and the ability of the strains to produce acid when grown in milk. While considerable differences between individual strains were apparent, average levels of X-prolyldipeptidyl aminopeptidase, dipeptidase and tripeptidase were similar in the Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and L. lactis subsp. cremoris strains studied, while that of lysylaminopeptidase (i.e. activity assayed using lysine p-nitroanilide as substrate) in the L. lactis subsp. cremoris strains was approximately double that in the L. lactis subsp. lactis strains. The average levels of lysylaminopeptidase and X-prolyldipeptidyl aminopeptidase in the S. thermophilus strains studied were similar to those in the L. lactis subsp. cremoris strains, while the average levels of dipeptidase and tripeptidase were considerably lower. All peptidases studied were recovered predominantly in the cytoplasmic fraction, although in a few strains there was some evidence to suggest that a part of the tripeptidase activity may be associated with cell structures comprising the particulate fraction. The levels of esterase activity in the strains were considerably different between strains. However, the average level of esterase activity detected in the two lactococcal subspecies was similar, while that in the S. thermophilus strains was more than double the lactococcal average. The subcellular distribution of the esterase in all strains studied showed that a significant proportion of the activity is located on the cell surface.     

Archetypal organization of the amphioxus Hox gene cluster

Organization into gene clusters is an essential and diagnostic feature of Hox genes. Insect and nematode genomes possess single Hox gene clusters (split in Drosophila); in mammals, there are 38 Hox genes in four clusters on different chromosomes. A collinear relationship between chromosomal position, activation time and anterior expression limit of vertebrate Hox genes suggests that clustering may be important for precise spatiotemporal gene regulation and hence embryonic patterning. Hox genes have a wide phylogenetic distribution within the metazoa, and are implicated in the control of regionalization along the anteroposterior body axis. It has been suggested that changes in Hox gene number and genomic organization played a role in metazoan body-plan evolution, but identifying significant changes is difficult because Hox gene organization is known from only very few and widely divergent taxa (principally insects, nematodes and vertebrates). Here we analyse the complexity and organization of Hox genes in a cephalochordate, amphioxus, the taxon thought to be the sister group of the vertebrates. We find that the amphioxus genome has only one Hox gene cluster. It has similar genomic organization to the four mammalian Hox clusters, and contains homologues of at least the first ten paralogous groups of vertebrate Hox genes in a collinear array. Remarkably, this organization is compatible with that inferred for a direct ancestor of the vertebrates; we conclude that amphioxus is a living representative of a critical intermediate stage in Hox cluster evolution.