Thermal properties measurements of renatured gelatin using conventional and temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry

The thermal properties of amorphous gelatin films and gelatin films with renatured structural order were measured by using conventional and temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Different amounts of gelatin structural order associated with a melting enthalpic change in the DSC measurement were prepared based on different gelatin drying conditions. Two consecutive heating and cooling DSC measurements on the gelatin films showed that there was no change in the glass‐transition temperature (T_g) for the amorphous gelatin but there was a decrease in the T_g for the structural gelatin on the second DSC scan. This decrease was attributed to the plasticizing effect from the release of originally hydrogen‐bonded water associated with the structural gelatin. In addition, a reversing endotherm observed upon melting of the structural gelatin during a temperature modulated DSC measurement indicated that the transition of bound water to free water occurred as the partial triple‐helix gelatin melted. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 1795–1801, 2006     

我公司栲胶脱硫装置稳定低耗原因分析

我厂合成氨生产能力170kt/a,原脱硫工艺为改良ADA法和高塔再生,2000年改为栲胶法脱硫和喷射再生工艺,2001年净化系统改造时新增了变换气脱硫装置。由于操作控制、工艺管理得当,常脱和变脱两套装置运行稳定,没有发生过堵塔等异常情况,化工原料消耗较低,为国内先进水平。笔者根据多年的生产管理实践,对脱硫装置稳定低耗的原因分析总结如下,供同行参考。1　脱硫装置工艺状况1 1　工艺流程常脱装置和变脱装置均有独立的溶液吸收再生循环系统,溶液制备和硫回收共用一个系统。脱硫工艺流程见图1。图1　脱硫工艺流程图1 2　工艺参数(见表1)表…     

预加氢反应器的制造和检验

本文介绍了预加氢反应器的典型结构,分析了制造上的难点,有针对性地提出了解决难点的特殊工艺方案,记录了实际制造经验数据,对类似设备的制造有着重要的参考价值。     

Biochemical,functional, and histochemical effects of essential fatty acid deficiency in rat kidney

The present study was designed to examine the effects of EFA deficiency (EFAD) on biochemical, functional, and structural aspects of the kidney in growing and adult rats fed a normal or EFAD diet for 9 wk after weaning. Food and fluid intake (FI), urine volume, and Na⁺ and K⁺ excretions were measured weekly from weeks 4 to 8 by placing the rats in individual metabolic cages for 24 h. At week 9, Li⁺ and a 5% water load, respectively, were administered at 14 and 1.5 h prior to glomerular and proximal tubular function studies, as assessed by 3-h creatinine (C_Cr) and Li⁺ (C_Li+) clearances. Hematocrit and urine volume; serum and urine [Cr], [Li⁺], [Na⁺], and [K⁺]; and renal FA distribution were also measured. Data [corrected to 100 g/body weight (bw) and presented as means ±SEM] were significant, at P<-0.05. Despite a similar ingestion of solids from weeks 4 to 7 (weeks 7 to 10 of life), the rats on the EFAD diet showed a decreased body weight from week 5. From weeks 4 to 8, Fl and urine volume were similar for both groups, but the Fl increased at week 6 in the EFAD group; 24-h Na⁺ and K⁺ excretions were similar at all weeks, except for an increase in the EFAD group for both ions at week 7. In the EFAD group, C_Cr and C_Li+ decreased by 27 and 56.3%, respectively (385.7±33.4 vs. 280±21.1, and 21.0±2.1 vs. 9.2±1.1 μL/min/100 g; n=9 vs. 10), the latter result suggesting increased proximal reabsorption. The 3-h Na⁺ and K⁺ excretions were similar, but the Li⁺ decreased (0.78±0.06×10⁻² vs. 0.32±0.03×10⁻² μeq/min/100 g) in the EFAD group, giving additional support to the suggestion. Renal structure was normal and similar for both groups, but the EFAD group showed a more prominent proximal tubule brush border, together with heavier periodic acid-Schiff staining in all specimens from weeks 5 to 9. In the EFAD group, FA of the n−9 and n−7 series were higher, but most of the n−6 series were lower as a percentage of total lipids in the medulla and cortex. Medullary levels of 20∶4n−6 were maintained, 22∶4n−6 declined twice, arachidonic acid was maintained, and 20∶5n−3 was lower. The EFAD diet affected glomerular function, proximal tubular structure and function, and FA distribution in the rat kidney.     

橡胶注射成型机的特点与进展

对橡胶注射成型机主要部分的结构进行了评述，并对橡胶注射成型工艺的发展状况了简述。     

Volatilisation and catalytic effects of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species during the pyrolysis and gasification of Victorian brown coal. Part III. The importance of the interactions between volatiles and char at high temperature

A novel two-stage fluidised-bed/fixed-bed reactor was designed to investigate the effects of volatile-char interactions on the volatilisation of alkali and alkaline earth metallic (AAEM) species during the pyrolysis of Victorian brown coal at 900 °C. With the two-stage reactor configuration, the AAEM-free volatiles generated from the pyrolysis of the H-form coal in the fluidised bed came into direct contact with the char from NaCl-loaded or Na-form coals in the fixed bed. The results indicated that the interactions between the volatiles, especially free radicals in the volatiles, and the char particles enhanced the volatilisation of Na from the char drastically. However, such radical-char interactions resulted in little volatilisation of Mg and Ca, indicating the importance of valence of the AAEM species. The degree of the volatile-char interactions was also related to the ageing of the char and the chemical form of AAEM species in the coal substrate. The volatiles interacted more strongly with the nascent char than the aged char, indicating that the AAEM species existed in the aged char in more stable forms than in the nascent char.     

Preparation and characterizations of interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(methyl methacrylate)

Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels based on poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(methyl methacrylate) were prepared by radical polymerization using 2,2‐dimethyl‐2‐phenylacetophenone and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as initiators and crosslinkers, respectively. The IPN hydrogels were analyzed for sorption behavior at 25°C and at a relative humidity of 95% using dynamic vapor sorption. The IPN hydrogels exhibited a relatively high equilibrium water content in the range of 13–68%. The state of water in the swollen IPN hydrogels was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. The free water in the hydrogels increased as the hydrophilic content increased. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 258–262, 2003     

Numerical simulation on bolted rock joint shearing performance

A Double Shear Model(DSM)was used in a numerical simulation on bolted rock joint shearing performance.An entire bolt deformed as the letter"U"under a shear load between two joints.Near the bolt-joint intersection,the bolt partly deformed as the letter"Z".There were two critical points along the bolt: one was at the bolt-joint intersection with zero bending moment and the other at the maximum bending moment(plastic hinge)with zero shear stress.The blocks on two sides slid along the bolt as it deformed.A separation area was found between the two joint contact surfaces of the middle rock block and sided block.This area of separation was related to bolt diameter and external forces.We assume that this area is related to the work of external forces.Further research is needed.     

挠性转子磁力轴承系统LQ最优控制研究

在高温气冷堆氦气透平发电系统（HTR—IOGT）的相似性模拟实验装置AMB—PⅡ上,开展针对磁力轴承支承下挠性转子系统的优化控制研究。采用离散质量的集总参数法建立了相应转子动力学模型,通过适当模态截断简化获得了转子系统的状态方程。研究了LQ最优控制方法,分析了权重参数的选择对控制器的影响。仿真实验表明,输出反馈LQ结合相位补偿的控制器,具有物理意义清晰、系统结构简单和参数易于调节等优点。在AMB—PⅡ实验台架上不仅实现了转子的稳定悬浮,而且能够有效地抑制转子的高阶挠性模态振动,使转子顺利通过了二阶挠性临界转速,最高达到450Hz。该方法的研究为今后高温气冷堆氦气透平工程的磁力轴承实际应用提供了良好的设计参考。     

测量值量化的时滞系统的输出反馈控制

为了解决无线网络带宽限制的问题,信号在传输之前需要进行量化,但是量化器的引入会给信号带来一定的误差.针对时滞系统,研究测量值量化的基于观测器的输出反馈控制问题.考虑对数量化器,为了研究量化器对系统的影响,引入上行界的方法,将对数量化问题转化成鲁棒不确定问题.为了讨论系统的收敛速度,采用带有衰减系数的Lyapunov函数,得到了闭环系统的指数衰减率.采用线性矩阵不等式(LMI)的方法给出了系统满足指数稳定的充分条件以及控制器和观测器增益的表达式.应用数值仿真证明了本文算法的有效性.