Threshold voltage-minimum gate length trade-off in buried channelPMOS devices for scaled supply voltage CMOS technologies

The trade-off between threshold voltage (V_th) and the minimum gate length (L_min) is discussed for optimizing the performance of buried channel PMOS transistors for low voltage/low power high-speed digital CMOS circuits. In a low supply voltage CMOS technology it is desirable to scale V_th and L_min for improved circuit performance. However, these two parameters cannot be scaled independently due to the channel punch-through effect. Statistical process/device modeling, split lot experiments, circuit simulations, and measurements are performed to optimize the PMOS transistor current drive and CMOS circuit speed. We show that trading PMOS transistor V_th for a smaller L_min results in faster circuits for low supply voltage (3.3 to 1.8 V) n⁺-polysilicon gate CMOS technology, Circuit simulation and measurements are performed in this study. Approximate empirical expressions are given for the optimum buried channel PMOS transistor V _th for minimizing CMOS circuit speed for cases involving: (1) constant capacitive load and (2) load capacitance proportional to MOS gate capacitance. The results of the numerical exercise are applied to the centering of device parameters of a 0.5 μm 3.3 V CMOS technology that (a) matches the speed of our 0.5 μm 5 V CMOS technology, and (b) achieves good performance down to 1.8 V power supply. For this process the optimum PMOS transistor V_th (absolute value) is approximately 0.85-0.90 V     

Results of the ASTM field test of tristimulus weighting functions

In 1993, the American Society for Testing and Materials carried out a field test of newly calculated tristimulus weighting factors. These weighting factors had been calculated by a method proposed by Venable. the test also included a method of correction for bandpass dependence put forth by Stearns. the purpose of the trial was to assess the possible reduction in bandpass dependence introduced by each of these sets of weights. A large number of sets of spectral data were gathered from the cooperators in the field test. Results of integration by the various sets of tristimulus weighting factors were calculated. A total of 15 120 color differences were calculated and statistics were derived to test the probable error resulting from each method of correction. Errors attributable to bandpass dependence were on the order of a few tenths to as much as one CIELAB unit when uncorrected weight sets were used. These errors could be reduced to a few hundreths of a CIELAB unit, and in some cases to a few thousandths of a unit, by employing one correcting strategy or the other. an overall mix of strategies was ultimately chosen to minimize the bandpass dependence over the entire range of weight sets. Utilizing this mixed strategy, the median error introduced into 10-nm integration by bandpass dependence was only 0.004 CIELAB units. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Experimental evaluation of a multivariable adaptive nonlinear predictive controller

A new multivariable adaptive nonlinear predictive controller is designed using a general nonlinear input-output model and variable transformations. The controller is similar in form to typical linear predictive controllers can be tuned analogously or by specifying a single parameters for each controlled variable. In addition, the design procedure is computationally efficient. The new controller is compared to a multi-loop proportional-integral (PI) controller with one-way static decoupling and to an adaptive linear predictive controller through tests on a simulated nonlinear distillation column. The new controller performed well in an experimental application to a multicomponent distillation column.     

Ruins and Revival: Paris in the Aftermath of the Second World War

Although many devastated European cities have been studied, the bombing and reconstruction of key industrial sites and certain suburban residential zones in greater Paris have received little scholarly attention. Using archival sources, this article explores both destruction and reconstruction, and traces how homeless families shared apartments or endured years of 'temporary' accommodation in huts and other shelters. Post-war economic planning in France privileged the restoration of industrial and commercial sites; rebuilding of housing by the state, by housing co-operatives and by individual property owners received less support and progressed far more slowly. Today, the visual legacy of reconstruction is easily confused with that of completely new post-war apartments; however its origin, if not its architecture, is distinctively different and merits recognition in its own right.     

Formant labelling using pole-focused spectra

An algorithm is introduced which labels formants from the peaks of pole-focused spectra. A clustering procedure is first used to produce line segments of possible formants. These can be considered as anchor traces for the later processing. Rule-based labelling is then applied to provide final formant trace estimates. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm offers improved formant labelling accuracy.     

CAN IS AVOID MARGINALIZATION ?

Two major areas of concern for IS managers are the use of outsourcing and the often-expressed view that little competitive advantage has been gained from information processing. These developments have begun to mirror events in other professions from a bygone age. By looking outside the IS field for some perspective, we may avert a similar outcome and better define the role of IS in the organization.     

On the detection of motion and the computation of optical flow

A method for the detection of motion in image sequences is presented. In this method, the intensity history at each pixel is convolved with the second derivative in time of a temporal Gaussian smoothing function. The zero crossings in a single frame of the resulting function indicate the positions of moving edges. Intensity changes in time due to illumination effects do not produce zero crossings; thus, they are not interpreted as motion by the present method. It is also shown that the spatial and temporal derivatives of this function can be used to compute the component of the optical flow that is normal to the zero-crossing contours. This computation is also insensitive to nonconvective temporal and spatial variations in the image intensity that are caused by illumination effects     

Tests of assumptions about the joint receipt of gambles in rank- and sign-dependent utility theory.

A rank- and sign-dependent utility theory is based on an operation of joint receipt of 2 independent gambles and 3 assumptions regarding the operation (R. D. Luce, 1992). The authors tested these 3 assumptions (i.e., segregation, duplex decomposition, and the additivity of certainty equivalents over joint receipt) using both judged and choice certainty equivalents (CEs). Median choice CEs provided support for both segregation and duplex decomposition but little support for additivity in gains or in losses, whereas median judged CEs also failed to support segregation. The latter failure appears to result from some Ss misunderstanding the instructions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)