Sequential tripping strategy for a transmission network back-upprotection expert system

This paper describes a sequential tripping strategy used in a wide area back-up protection expert system (BPES) to combat situations in which protection relays have maloperated or information is missing. The BPES is an innovative back-up protection scheme designed to prevent the occurrence of widespread blackouts. The BPES evaluates the certainty that transmission lines are likely to be affected by the fault and uses a sequential tripping strategy to isolate the fault if a firm decision is not available due to maloperated relays and/or missing information. The mode of analysis and the sequential tripping strategy ensures that the BPES will clear a fault at minimum risk to the network. An example is included to demonstrate how the certainty factor based sequential tripping strategy is employed by the BPES to clear a fault which occurred on the South Western part of the UK National Grid System     

Announcement

Samples of nine different fruits grown in Oyo State of Nigeria were obtained from different market locations within Ibadan Municipality and analysed for their vitamin C content. Sweet orange was found to contain the highest amount of vitamin C ($\text{56·0}\text{mg}\text{100}\text{g}$ edible portion) whilst sweet banana variety II contained the lowest amount ($\text{9·4}\text{mg}\text{100}\text{g}$ edible portion). Lime, grapefruit, pawpaw and ‘agbalumo’ were found to contain considerable amounts of vitamin C, having 46·5, 47·0, 43·2 and $\text{48·0}\text{mg}\text{100}\text{g}$ respectively. Consumption of these fruits would thus meet the nutritional requirement for vitamin C in this part of Nigeria. It is also recommended that sweet orange, agbalumo, grapefruit, lime and pawpaw, found to contain considerable amounts of vitamin C, should be processed either at home or factory level to make them available to the people all year round.     

Generalisations of Heyman's and Foulkes' theorems using dual formulation

Existing duality principles in structural optimisation are briefly reviewed and then they are extended to structures with segment-wise constant cross-sections. All theories are discussed in the particular context of optimal plastic beam design with symmetric convex specific cost functions and are confirmed by independent calculations on illustrative examples. It is shown that the optimal solution is always associated with a displacement field in which the mean absolute curvature value for each segment equals the subgradient of the specific cost function, with respect to the maximum absolute moment value for that segment. Moreover, the dual problem consists of the maximisation of the difference of two terms: the first one is the integral of the product of load and deflection (external work), and the second is the sum of products of segment lengths and the mean complementary cost values (taken with respect to the mean absolute curvature for that segment). Finally, some tentative proposals for a class of non-convex optimisation problems are presented. For special cases, the proposed general statements reduce to theorems by Heyman, Foulkes and Hemp.     

Dosimetric characteristic of VVR-M reactor with respect to tritium

Translated from Atomnaya Énergiya, Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 111–113, August, 1989.     

Effects of Salting, Drying, Cooking, and Smoking Operations on Volatile Compound Formation and Color Patterns in Pork

ABSTRACT: The traditional small-scale production of boucané, a cured smoked pork-belly product from Réunion, involves several unit operations that are performed in a single step. The aim of this study was to highligh the impact of 4 unit operations (salting, drying, cooking, and smoking) on stability, color, and flavor development in processed pork. These characateristics are the 3 main criteria of boucané's quality. Mass transfer, color, and volatile compounds were measured, analyzed, and compared in 4 products. Results indicated that a major quantity of volatile compounds detected in the processed meat were derived from the smoking process. Color variations were mainly explained by muscle pigment modification due to the cooking process, and by the input of volatile compounds of smoke.     

Multifactor Experiments under Superdeep-Penetration Conditions

Consideration is given to the possibility of controlling the efficiency of the process of superdeep penetration of a high-velocity microstriker flux into metal obstacles due to the employment of ballast elements in the jet and to additional supply of energy in compression by an explosive charge along the external perimeter.