Electrical conductivity and crystal structure of piperazinium 10-silver 12-iodide·4-dimethylformamide

Crystals of (C₄N₂H₁₂)Ag₁₀I₁₂·4C₃H₇NO contain channels formed by face-sharing iodide tetrahedra. These channels, parallel to the monoclinic $\text{c}$-axis, are isolated from each other by the (C₄N₂H₁₂)²⁺ ions and C₃H₇NO molecules. Electrical measurements along the $\text{c}$-axis of the crystals at 200 psig (argon) indicate that the material does not become a true solid electrolyte below 332 K, the decomposition temperature. Structural considerations show that despite the substantial ratio (3:1) of sites to Ag⁺ ions, the material is not expected to become a solid electrolyte, if it retains its room temperature structure, at any temperature or pressure.     

Measurements of particle number and mass concentrations and size distributions in a tunnel environment

Particulate matter emissions were measured in two bores of the Caldecott Tunnel in Northern California during August and September 2004. One bore (Bore 1) is open to both heavy- and light-duty vehicles while heavy-duty vehicles are prohibited from entering the second bore (Bore 2). Particulate matter number and mass size distributions, chemical composition, and gaseous copollutants were recorded for four consecutive days near the entrance and exit of each bore. Size-resolved emission factors were determined for particle number, particle mass, elemental carbon, organic carbon (OC), sulfate, nitrate, and selected elements. The size distributions in both the bores showed a single large mode at roughly 15-20 nm in mobility diameter, with occasional smaller modes around 100 nm. The PM10 mass emission factor for heavy-duty vehicles was 14.5 times higher than that of light-duty vehicles. The particles derived from diesel are more abundant in elemental carbon, 70.9% of PM10 emissions, as compared to the light-duty vehicles. Conversely, a greater percentage of OC was found in light-duty emissions than heavy-duty emissions. In comparison to previous studies at the Caldecott Tunnel, less particle mass but more particle numbers are emitted by vehicles than was the case 7 years ago.     

Processes at the sediment water interface after addition of organic matter and lime to an Acid Mine Pit Lake mesocosm

A strategy to neutralize acidic pit lakes was tested in a field mesocosm of 4500 m(3) volume in the Acidic Pit Mine Lake 111 in Germany. Carbokalk, a byproduct from sugar production, and wheat straw was applied near to the sediment surface to stimulate in lake microbial alkalinity generation by sulfate and iron reduction. The biogeochemical processes at the sediment-water interface were studied over 3 years by geochemical monitoring and an in situ microprofiler. Substrate addition generated a reactive zone at the sediment surface where sulfate and iron reduction proceeded. Gross sulfate reduction reached values up to 10 mmol m(-2) d(-1). The neutralization rates between 27 and 0 meq m(-2) d(-1) were considerably lower than in previous laboratory experiments. The precipitation of ferric iron minerals resulted in a growing acidic sediment layer on top of the neutral sediment. In this layer sulfate reduction was observed but iron sulfides could not precipitate. In the anoxic sediment H2S was oxidized by ferric iron minerals. H2S partly diffused to the water column where it was oxidized. As a result the net formation of iron sulfides decreased after 1 year although gross sulfate reduction rates continued to be high. The rate of iron reduction exceeded the sulfate reduction rate, which resulted in high fluxes of ferrous iron out of the sediment.     

Cognitive and personality factors in suicidal behavior.

Studied the role of aggression in suicidal behavior. The personality functioning of 20 suicide attempters, 20 nonsuicidal psychiatric controls, and 20 suicide completers was assessed using the Rorschach. There were 11 female and 9 male 21–63 yr old Ss in each group. M. Feffer's role-taking task (see record 1960-04380-001) provided a test of the cognitive functioning of the 1st 2 groups. All 3 groups experienced the breakthrough of more aggressive than libidinal drive derivatives, but no significant differences between the groups were found. Only the suicide attempters' aggressive responses were more primitive than their libidinal responses. On the role-taking task, the suicidal group's cognitive functioning in the neutral situation was superior to their functioning in the aggressive one. The control group yielded no such difference. The suicidal group's performance in the aggressive situation was also significantly inferior to the control group. Results are interpreted as underscoring the role of cognition in symptom choice. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A-B distinction in a sample of prominent psychotherapists.

Asked 134 prominent psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, and behavior therapists to fill out the Whitehorn-Betz A-B therapist scale and comment on their possible differential effectiveness in treating schizoid-schizophrenic vs neurotic patients. Psychometric analysis of the 95 responses disclosed that their scale scores were reliable, distributed comparably to other therapists and collegiate males, and denotative of 2 correlated interest-aptitude dimensions. Professionals typed as A's or B's showed a greater reluctance to accept the research-generated implications of their A-B status than Ss whose scores fell into neither of these categories. Although data did not provide strong evidence for a relationship between A-B scale scores and theoretical orientation, the distribution of scores did suggest that B therapists desire and seek more complex and exciting sensory-cognitive inputs during therapy hours than A therapists. (30 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Enhancing OODB semantics to support browsing in an OODB vocabulary representation

In previous work, we have modeled a vocabulary given as a semantic network by an object‐oriented database (OODB). The OODB schema thus obtained provides a compact abstract view of the vocabulary. This enables the fast traversal of the vocabulary by a user. In the semantic network vocabulary, the IS‐A relationships express the specialization hierarchy. In our OODB modeling of the vocabulary, the SUBCLASS relationship expresses the specialization hierarchy of the classes and supports the inheritance of their properties. A typical IS‐A path in the vocabulary has a corresponding shorter SUBCLASS path in the OODB schema. In this paper we expose several cases where the SUBCLASS hierarchy fails to fully correspond to the IS‐A hierarchy of the vocabulary. In these cases there exist traversal paths in the semantic network for which there are no corresponding traversal paths in the OODB schema. The reason for this failure is the existence of some IS‐A relationships between concepts of two classes, which are not connected by a SUBCLASS relationship. This phenomenon weakens the accuracy of our modeling. To rectify the situation we introduce a new OODB semantic relationship IS‐A to represent the existence of IS‐A relationships between concepts of a pair of classes which are not connected via a SUBCLASS relationship. The resulting schema contains both SUBCLASS relationships and IS‐A relationships which completely model the IS‐A hierarchy of the vocabulary. We define a mixed‐class level traversal path to contain either SUBCLASS or IS‐A relationships. Consequently, each traversal path in the semantic network has a corresponding mixed traversal path in the OODB schema. Hence the introduction of the semantic OODB IS‐A relationship improves the modeling of semantic network vocabularies by OODBs. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Frameworks for incorporating semantic relationships into object‐oriented database systems

A semantic relationship is a data modeling construct that connects a pair of classes or categories and has inherent constraints and other functionalities that precisely reflect the characteristics of the specific relationship in an application domain. Examples of semantic relationships include part–whole, ownership, materialization and role‐of. Such relationships are important in the construction of information models for advanced applications, whether one is employing traditional data‐modeling techniques, knowledge‐representation languages or object‐oriented modeling methodologies. This paper focuses on the issue of providing built‐in support for such constructs in the context of object‐oriented database (OODB) systems. Most of the popular object‐oriented modeling approaches include some semantic relationships in their repertoire of data‐modeling primitives. However, commercial OODB systems, which are frequently used as implementation vehicles, tend not to do the same. We will present two frameworks by which a semantic relationship can be incorporated into an existing OODB system. The first only requires that the OODB system support manifest type with respect to its instances. The second assumes that the OODB system has a special kind of metaclass facility. The two frameworks are compared and contrasted. In order to ground our work in existing systems, we show the addition of a part–whole semantic relationship both to the ONTOS DB/Explorer OODB system and the VODAK Model Language. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.