Ozone Synthesis and Decomposition in Oxygen-Fed Pulsed DBD System: Effect of Ozone Concentration,Power Density,and Residence Time

The process of ozone production in pure oxygen was studied. It was shown how the ozone concentration changes along the discharge gap, both during its generation and decomposition processes. The effect of ozone inlet concentration, power, and gas residence time on ozone concentration was analyzed. It has been shown that concentrated ozone is easily decomposed at very low discharge powers, i.e., when the increase of the average gas temperature in the gap is negligibly small. It was hypothesized that the most intense decomposition takes place in the microdischarge channels, because the process of gas heating in the gap begins inside them.     

Complex modification effect of linseed cake as an agricultural waste filler used in high density polyethylene composites

Linseed cake (LC) is a by-product of agricultural industry which does not have any large-scale industrial applications. The possibilities of its utilization as filler with plasticizing ability for high density polyethylene (HDPE)-based composites have been investigated. Composites containing 5, 10, 20 and 30 wt% of the waste filler have been prepared using a melt mixing method. The influence of the LC on the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of the composites, as well as their water absorption and morphology, have been evaluated by the following methods: static tensile test, impact strength assessment using Dynstat method, hardness measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy observations, measurements of Vicat’s softening temperature and water uptake test. Application of different measuring techniques allows for describing complex modification effects of the composites’ properties changes induced by the presence of lignocellulosic filler with high oil content. The results of the study proved a pronounced influence of LC on high density polyethylene-based composites, especially a plasticizing effect of crude linseed oil contained by the waste filler particles. LC also has been assumed to affect the polymeric matrix crystallization process. It was found that complex modification of polyethylene results from simultaneously occurring different phenomena including: plasticization of the HDPE by linseed oil, improved crystallinity of the semicrystalline matrix, presence of the rigid lignocellulosic particles dispersed in polymer and accumulation of the oil in the interfacial regions.     

Wire configuration creating a uniform magnetic field

Contents In this paper the magnetic field created by a direct current flowing in the wires distributed on the surface of an elliptic cylinder is determined. The wire configuration is surrounded by a ferromagnetic ring having arbitrary magnetic permeability . Magnetic field patterns are shown, assuming infinite permeability of the ferromagnetic, and for the case of absence of the ferromagnetic, i.e. for =₀. The separation-of-variables method has been used.

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Übersicht In der Arbeit wird das magnetische Feld gleichstromdurchflossener gerader Leiter bestimmt, die in einem elliptischen Hohlzylinder parallel zu dessen Achse untergebracht sind. Die Anordnung ist von einem ferromagnetischen Ring umgeben, der beliebige Permeabilität aufweist. Für den Fall des hochpermeablen Ringes oder der Abwesenheit des ferromagnetischen Stoffes werden die Verteilungen des magnetischen Feldes angegeben. Die Methode der Trennung der Variablen wird benutzt.

     

Synthesis and Interfacial Activity of Novel Heterogemini Sulfobetaines in Aqueous Solution

Three new heterogemini sulfobetaines and their chloride salts were synthesised. The interfacial activities of the obtained chlorides in aqueous solution were studied by equilibrium and dynamic surface tension measurements. The critical micelle concentration, surface excess concentration, minimum area per surfactant molecule and standard Gibbs energy of adsorption as well as micelle lifetime and diffusion coefficient were determined. The adsorption properties and micelle lifetime of these compounds significantly depend on the length of alkyl chain. The critical micelle concentration decreases with increasing chain length of the compounds considered. The values of the diffusion coefficient of N‐alkyl‐N‐methyl‐N‐(3‐sulfopropyl)‐6‐(N‐alkyl‐N‐methylamino)hexylammonium chloride tend to decrease as the concentration is increased.     

Solid‐State NMR Study of Mn2+ for Ca2+ Substitution in Thermally Processed Hydroxyapatites

In the present study calcium hydroxyapatites enriched at 0.08 wt% in Mn²⁺ ions (Mn–HA) and their unsubstituted forms (HA) were synthesized using the same standard wet chemical route. Mn‐HA and HA were both calcined at 800°C to give Mn‐HAc and HAc, respectively or sintered at 1250°C, to give Mn‐HAs and HAs, respectively. The influence of the heat treatment on physicochemical properties of Mn‐HA was investigated using powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning, and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), and solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR). Mn‐HAc and Mn‐HAs were compared to each other and to HAc and HAs, respectively. Assignment of the proton ssNMR peaks from high‐temperature‐treated apatites has been revised. It was found that Mn–HAc and HAc were nanocrystalline, while Mn‐HAs and HAs comprised micrometer sized, partially fused particles (SEM and TEM). PXRD and ssNMR demonstrated that the incorporation of Mn²⁺ into the crystal lattice of hydroxyapatite significantly facilitates its dehydroxylation and decomposition to oxyhydroxyapatite during calcination at 800°C, and induces its transformation to tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) and alpha‐tricalcium phosphate (α‐TCP) at 1250°C. Contamination by CaO has also been detected. The ¹H→³¹P NMR cross‐polarization experiments have indicated that the Mn²⁺ ions preferentially occupied the Ca(I) position in the crystallographic unit cell of Mn‐HAc. In Mn‐HAs, the Mn²⁺ ions were evenly distributed between the Ca(I) and Ca(II) positions.     

Experimental study of melting of LDPE/PS polyblend in an intermeshing counter‐rotating twin screw extruder

An experimental study is presented of the melting mechanism in a starve‐fed closely intermeshing counter‐rotating twin screw extruder of a modular Leistritz design. Various polymeric materials, semicrystalline low density polyethylene (LDPE), amorphous polystyrene (PS), and (LDPE/PS) polyblend were investigated at various operating conditions. A “screw pulling‐out” technique was used to investigate polymer behavior along the screw axis. In particular, the solid conveying, melting positions, the extent of starved character along the screw, and the fully filled regions were observed. Polymer samples were stripped off from each screw which was removed from the machine to investigate melting mechanism. Generally, it has been concluded that the melting mechanism revealed by White and Wilczyński for polyolefines has been proved for other polymeric materials under study. This mechanism consists of pellets being dragged into the calendering gap where they are melted due to calendering action. The molten polymer is expelled from the gap and pushes against the pellet bed which is continuously dragged into the gap. The composite modeling of an intermeshing counter‐rotating twin screw extrusion of polyblends has also been discussed. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 52:449–458, 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers     

A surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy study of thin graphene sheets functionalized with gold and silver nanostructures by seed-mediated growth

We describe a simple method for decorating graphene (1–5 layers) with Au and Ag nanostructures (nanoparticles, nanorods, and nanoplates). We deposit graphene electrostatically from highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite onto Si/SiO₂ surfaces functionalized with (aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane and grow the metal nanostructures by a seed-mediated growth method from hexanethiolate-coated Au monolayer-protected cluster “seeds” that are attached to graphene by hydrophobic interactions. Scanning electron microscopy reveals the selective growth of Au or Ag nanostructures on the graphene surface. In the case of Au, the low pH 2.8 growth solution causes etching of the graphene and formation of scroll-like structures. For Ag, the high pH 9.3 solution does not seem to affect the graphene. Raman spectroscopy is consistent with the graphene morphology and reveals that the presence of Au and Ag nanostructures increases the Raman scattering from the graphene by a factor of about 45 and 150, respectively. This work demonstrates a simple method for decorating graphene with noble metal nanostructures that may have interesting optical, electronic, and chemical properties for applications in nanoelectronics, sensing, and catalysis.     

Selective separation of yttrium from rare earth elements by ion interaction chromatography. Analytical and larger scale applications

ABSTRACT

New ion interaction chromatographic (IIC) method employing Kromasil 100 C₁₈ column and tetra-n-butylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) as an ion interaction reagent (IIR) is able to separate yttrium from Rare Earth Elements (REE) as anionic complexes with nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA). New method for the chromatographic determination of Y in REE mixture was devised and validated by the analysis of the certified reference material (CRM). Potential possibilities of the new chromatographic system for larger scale applications including macro-micro events were demonstrated.     

Fly ash as a sorbent for boron removal from aqueous solutions: Equilibrium and thermodynamic studies

ABSTRACT

This study presents the application of fly ash from brown coal and biomass burning power plant as a sorbent for the removal of boron ions from an aqueous solution. The adsorption process efficiency depended on the parameters, such as adsorbent dosage, pH, temperature, agitation time and initial boron concentration. The experimental data fitted well with the Freundlich isotherm model and the maximum capacity was found to be 16.14 mg g^?1. The adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model. Also, the intra-particle diffusion model parameters were calculated. Thermodynamic parameters such as change in free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°), entropy (ΔS°) revealed on exothermic nature of boron adsorption onto the fly ash.