Influence of O2- and H2O2-detection on the electroanalytic reliability of L-lactate- and β-D-glucose-biosensors at flow-through measurements in reference serum

Electroanalytical flow-through measurements with L-lactate- and β-D-glucose-biosensors using reference sera showed that only by an ion-impermeable but gas-permeable PTFE membrane separating enzyme membrane and electrochemical measuring cell, the high selectivity of oxidases can fully be utilized. For clinical-chemical serum analysis biosensors with O₂-detectors are to be preferred which are at least equivalent to photometric comparing methods. Too high values found in measurements using H₂O₂-detectors are caused by undesired reactands being anodically converted. At O₂-sensitive enzymatic L-lactate- and β-D-glucose-biosensors, inevitable biological fouling by O₂-consuming microorganisms can be controlled by the use of glutardialdehyde.     

Towards high-eficiency silicon solar cells by rapid thermal processing

Rapid thermal processing can offer many advantages, such as small overall thermal budget and low power and time consumption, in a strategy focused on cost-effective techniques for the preparation of solar cells in a continuous way. We show here that this very short duration (a few tens of seconds) of isothermal heating performed in a lamp furnace can be used for many thermal steps of silicon solar cell processing. Rapid thermal processing was applied to form the p-n junction from a phosphorus-doped spin-on silica film deposted on (100) silicon substrates at typical processing temperatures between 800 and 1100°C. the solar cells showed conversion efficiencies as good as those processed in a conventional way.     

Darstellung und Eigenschaften von Pyrazolo[3,2-c]benzo-1,2,4-triazinen und Pyrazolo[3,2-c]pyrido[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazinen

Synthesis and Properties of Pyrazolo[3,2-c]benzo-1,2,4-triazines and Pyrazolo [3,2-c]pyrido[4,3-e] [1,2,4]triazines α,β-Unsaturated β-aminonitriles 1 condensate with 2-nitrophenylhydrazine and with 4-hydrazino-3-nitropyridine to yield the corresponding nitriles of β-keto acids 2 and 3 , respectively. Bases achieve cyclisation of these compounds to pyrazolo[3,2-c]benzo-1,2,4-triazine-5-oxides 7 and pyrazolo[3,2-c]pyrido[4,3-e] [1,2,4]triazine-5-oxides 8 , respectively. The N-oxides are reduced by means of sodium dithionite to the corresponding triazines 9, 10 .     

Enhanced photocurrent generation with quantum dots containing multilayers on gold

Quantum dots (QD) immobilised on electrodes show a light-triggered current depending on the applied potential. In this study it is investigated whether multiple layers of QD can be formed on electrodes and used for an enhanced photocurrent generation. Therefore multilayers of QD and the redox protein cytochrome c (cyt c) are constructed verified by quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements. The voltammetric investigation of these multilayer assemblies shows no enhancement of the redox signal from cyt c in contrast to multilayers of cyt c and polyelectrolytes or gold nanoparticles. But photocurrent measurements reveal a slight enhancement of the signal which is depending on the number of deposited QD layers. In a second step QD multilayers with a positively charged polyelectrolyte are built up verified by QCM. Chronoamperometric investigations reveal an increase of the photocurrent which is proportional to the number of deposited layers. This indicates an efficient electron transfer between the QD layers. At an electrode with 5 bilayers (QD and polyallylamine) the light-induced current is increased about 5 times compared to a monolayer.     

Chemicals from Agave sisalana Biomass: Isolation and Identification

Agave sisalana (sisal) is known worldwide as a source of hard fibers, and Brazil is the largest producer of sisal. Nonetheless, the process of removing the fibers of the sisal leaf generates 95% waste. In this study, we applied chemical sequential steps (hydrothermal extraction, precipitation, liquid-liquid extraction, crystallization, SiO₂ and Sephadex LH 20 column chromatography) to obtain pectin, mannitol, succinic acid, kaempferol and a mixture of saponins as raw chemicals from sisal biomass. The structural identification of these compounds was performed though spectrometric methods, such as Infrared (IR), Ultraviolet (UV), Mass spectrometry (MS) and Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). All the sisal chemicals found in this work are used by both the chemical and pharmaceutical industries as excipients or active principles in products.     

Infrastrukturen als Produkte und Produzenten von Zeit

NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin - „Zeit“ ist seit einigen Jahren ein intensiv debattiertes Thema in der Geschichtswissenschaft. Auch in der...     

Ribotyping and biotyping of Lactobacillus helveticus from the koumiss

The lactic acid bacteria are very important components involved in the milk products processing. Lactobacillus helveticus, a homofermentative thermophilic lactobacillus commonly occurring in cheeses, has been isolated as the prevailing species in natural koumiss in this work. The species identification of six studied L. helveticus strains was based on rep-PCR fingerprinting with (GTG)₅ primer. Biotyping (API 50CH kit, conventional tests) showed phenotypic heterogeneity among isolates and enabled the identification to the genus Lactobacillus only. Ribotyping with restriction enzyme EcoRI yielded a strain-specific restriction patterns and allowed good strain differentiation. Obtained ribotypes of the isolates originating from the koumiss gave unique band patterns with low similarity to the selected reference cultures of L. helveticus. Despite low number of strains analyzed, the ribotype data showed certain heterogeneity that seemed to be not only strain dependent, but also related to the source of isolates. We concluded that analyzed isolates from koumiss represent a new ecovar, L. helveticus ecovar Koumiss.