Properties of elastic abrasive wheels

The properties of an elastic abrasive tool are considered: specifically, its rigidity, elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and cutting microrelief. On that basis, the interaction of the tool with the machined surface is analyzed, and the material removed and the final surface roughness are determined.     

Sulfonation of polyethylene membranes

The polyethylene membranes are hydrophilized under the action of chlorosulfonic acid. Such a hydrophilized membrane shows much better water permeability in comparison with the unmodified one. The ion-exchange capacity of the sulfonated membrane is taken as a measure for the hydrophilicity. The influences of the concentration of the sulfonating agent, temperature, and reaction time, on the ion-exchange capacity and water permeability, are investigated. It is shown that the increase in the degree of sulfonation does not always lead to an increase in the water permeability of the membrane. A lower concentration of the sulfonating agent and a lower temperature are to be chosen, so that only the surface and the inner walls of the pores are sulfonated. Sulfonation in the bulk leads to the deterioration of mechanical properties of the membrane without having any contribution to the increase in the water permeability of the membrane.     

Micro-injection moulding: Factors affecting the achievable aspect ratios

Micro-injection moulding is one of the key technologies for micro-manufacture because of its mass-production capability and relatively low component cost. The aspect ratios achievable in replicating micro features are one of the most important process characteristics and constitute a major manufacturing constraint in applying injection moulding in a range of micro-engineering applications. This research studies the effects of five process and one size factors on the achievable aspect ratios, and the role they play in producing micro components in different polymer materials. In particular, the following factors are considered: barrel temperature, mould temperature, injection speed, holding pressure, the existence of air evacuation and the sizes of micro features. The study revealed that the barrel temperature and the injection speed are the key factors affecting the aspect ratios of micro features replicated in PP and ABS. In case of POM, in addition to these two factors, the mould temperature is also an important factor for improving the replication capabilities of the micro-injection moulding process. For all three materials, an increase of feature sizes improves the melt flow. However, the melt fill of micro features does not increase linearly with the increase of their sizes.     

Resolving task rule incongruence during task switching by competitor rule suppression.

Task switching requires maintaining readiness to execute any task of a given set of tasks. However, when tasks switch, the readiness to execute the now-irrelevant task generates interference, as seen in the task rule incongruence effect. Overcoming such interference requires fine-tuned inhibition that impairs task readiness only minimally. In an experiment involving 2 object classification tasks and 2 location classification tasks, the authors show that irrelevant task rules that generate response conflicts are inhibited. This competitor rule suppression (CRS) is seen in response slowing in subsequent trials, when the competing rules become relevant. CRS is shown to operate on specific rules without affecting similar rules. CRS and backward inhibition, which is another inhibitory phenomenon, produced additive effects on reaction time, suggesting their mutual independence. Implications for current formal theories of task switching as well as for conflict monitoring theories are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Valuing patents and licenses from a business strategy perspective – Extending valuation considerations using the case of nanotechnology

Currently there is a debate in the field of nanotechnology about the evolving IP landscape and its impact on innovative progress based on technological discovery in the future. Nevertheless, nanotechnology patents will serve as an important securitization instrument for future financing and business strategic purposes. Valuation know-how of nanotechnology patents will therefore become critical in deal-making and in bringing about innovation. Like many innovative products today, nanotechnology enabled products also consist of a multitude of patented technological components from different stages in a value chain and belonging to a multitude of owners. Complex IP landscapes along entire value chains give rise to a tendency to over-value one’s own patented technology from an ex-ante and individual company’s perspective. Thus the sum of individually estimated values of patented technology can exceed the value that can be realized ex-post in a given value chain. We extend current valuation considerations of patented technology from a static perspective to include a dynamic view using nanotechnology as an example. Furthermore, in addition to single value chain stages as a level of analysis (level A) we also take into account the complex technology landscapes in entire value chains (level B) as well as patented technologies’ potential value in different current or future value chains (level C). We derive conclusions with respect to valuation approaches for the discussed levels of analysis from a static and dynamic perspective.     

Helical Rotor Module of Rotary Hydraulic Drive Turbine

Chemical and Petroleum Engineering - This paper presents the developed design of a rotor module of the turbine of a hydraulic drive, the distinctive feature of which is a helical relief on the...     

Tapered Cross‐Section Photoelectron Spectroscopy of State‐of‐the‐Art Mixed Ion Perovskite Solar Cells: Band Bending Profile in the Dark,Photopotential Profile Under Open Circuit Illumination,and Band Diagram

The purpose of this article is twofold. On the one hand the method of spacial resolved photoemission spectroscopy on small angle tapered cross‐sections (TCS) of complete devices is introduced to analyze simultaneously the chemical and electronic structure. On the other hand, a specific working principle of the analyzed cell type is revealed. Solar cells of 18% efficiency are prepared from a single precursor (FAPbI₃)_0.85(MAPbBr₃)_0.15 with excess of 15% PbI₂. It is shown that TCS‐phototoelectron spectroscopy allows to determine the chemical composition as well as the potential distribution across the full device in the dark and in operation. The energy converting contact is the hole extraction back contact. Interestingly the photopotential in the analyzed cell type is predominantly created within the hole extraction layer and not in the n‐doped perovskite absorber. With the addition of measured core level to valence band maximum positions of the respective layers, TCS line scans lead to the band diagram for the full device. In addition, depth variations of the chemical composition are found: the bromide concentration increases while the iodide concentration is reduced near and within the mesoporous TiO₂ layer.