Hepatitis C--associated glomerular disease in liver transplant recipients

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection may be associated with extrahepatic illness including renal disease. We investigated the clinical and virological characteristics of three patients who developed a mesangial proliferative and sclerosing glomerulopathy alone or in association with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis after liver transplantation for end-stage liver disease secondary to HCV infection. Using polymerase chain reaction technology and the IgM RIBA assay, viral load, genotype and IgM antibody response to HCV in the setting of glomerulonephritis was evaluated. Within 1 year of transplantation, the patients showed decreased renal function, proteinuria and recurrent hepatitis C liver disease. Likewise, HCV viral load increased following transplantation, whereas the viral genotypes remained unchanged. Although the first patient presented with classic type II cryoglobulinemia in association with glomerulonephritis, the second patient developed an IgM directed specifically against the hepatitis C core antigen. The third patient developed a low-titered IgM directed against the hepatitis C core antigen with rheumatoid factor activity but without cryoglobulinemia. All of the patients show IgM in glomerular capillary walls by biopsy. One patient has shown a clinical response to interferon (IFN) alfa-2b therapy without evidence of hepatic allograft rejection. The second and third patients have not responded to IFN or developed hepatic rejection. This study suggests that HCV-associated glomerulonephritis may complicate liver transplantation in conjunction with the production of increased amounts of IgM of variable specificity. The posttransplant setting may provide a unique situation in which to investigate the specific requirements for the onset of renal disease.     

Erythropoietin for mobilization of circulating progenitor cells in patients with previously treated relapsed malignancies

A trial to determine the usefulness of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) as a mobilizing cytokine for patients with previously treated relapsed malignancies was performed. An initial peripheral stem cell apheresis collection was conducted during steady-state hematopoiesis for each patient to provide baseline data. rhEpo, 200 U/kg/day, was administered subcutaneously until the last apheresis procedure was completed. Immediately after the fourth daily dose of Epo, apheresis procedures were resumed and continued beyond five collections, when necessary, to accrue a total of 6.5 x 10(8) mononuclear cells (MNCs)/kg. Eight female and four male patients (median age = 44 years) were evaluated. Five to 14 (median = 8) apheresis procedures were performed for each patient. Toxicity attributable to Epo administration was negligible. Mobilization effects, as determined by an increase in the number of colony-forming units granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM) and burst-forming units-erythroid (BFU-E) in the apheresis products after Epo administration, were observed in all patients. Nine patients received high-dose chemotherapy and Epo-mobilized peripheral stem cell transplantation (PSCT). Beginning the day of the transplant, GM-CSF was administered until neutrophil recovery was satisfactory. The median time to recover 0.5 x 10(9)/L granulocytes was 16 days after PSCT. Epo appears to have mobilization properties. Further studies are needed to determine the clinical usefulness of Epo as a mobilizing cytokine. The addition of Epo to other mobilizing cytokines may provide increased effectiveness without adding toxicity.     

Visual improvement as a function of time after lamellar keratoplasty for keratoconus

PEFR is a simple and reliable way of following patients with bronchial asthma and other obstructive airway diseases. Normal data is available for Caucasian and North Indian children but not for ethnic South Indian children. We, therefore, measured Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) in 345 healthy South Indian children aged 4-15 years, using the Wright mini peak flow meter. A nomogram was constructed relating PEFR to height. Prediction equations for PEFR using height alone or height, age and weight were determined for both sexes. The prediction equation for boys based on height alone was PEFR = 4.08 height (cm)--284.55 and for girls was PEFR = 3.92 height (cm)--277.01.