Efficacy of silicone punctal plugs as adjuncts to topical pharmacotherapy of glaucoma--a pilot study. Punctal Plugs in Glaucoma Study Group

BACKGROUND: The concept of enhancing the ocular hypotensive effects of topical antiglaucoma medications by impeding lacrimal drainage of medication has been insufficiently studied. This investigation sought to evaluate the effect of bilateral inferior punctal occlusion using silicone punctal plugs on the ocular hypotensive effect of topically applied timolol. METHODS: A randomized, double-masked, cross-over clinical trial was conducted, comparing the ocular hypotensive effect of timolol maleate 0.25 percent, both with and without occlusion of the inferior punctum with the Freeman silicone punctal plug. Following a 2-week washout of topical medication, 17 subjects with early primary open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension received one drop of timolol 0.25 percent in each eye with or without punctal plugs in place. Blood pressure, resting pulse rate, and intraocular pressure were measured both before timolol instillation and at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 hours following drop instillation. Following a 2-week washout period, the subjects were evaluated with the alternative treatment. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference (p = 0.648) in IOP levels between treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: This pilot suggests that need for a longer-term study with larger numbers of subjects to evaluate the potential role of silicone punctal plugs to enhance the ocular bioavailability of topically applied antiglaucoma medications.     

Acute erythroleukemia: evaluation of 48 cases with reference to classification, cell proliferation, cytogenetics, and prognosis

We evaluated 48 archival cases of acute erythroleukemia and divided them into 3 groups: M6a, corresponding to the traditional French-American-British M6 category; M6b, which is pure erythroleukemia; and M6c, in which myeloblasts and pronormoblasts each account for more than 30% of cells by the French-American-British exclusion criteria. No significant differences were noted among the subtypes for ratio of males to females; age; or exposure to toxins, alcohol, or both. However, compared with the patients in the M6a group, patients in the M6b and M6c groups demonstrated a statistically significant increase in cytogenetic aberrations, proliferation markers (proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Ki67), and ringed (type III) sideroblasts. Marked survival differences were noted between the M6a (30.1 +/- 29.5 months) and M6b (3.15 +/- 4.2 months) groups, with patients in the M6c group demonstrating an intermediate prognosis (10.5 +/- 12.7 months). Chemotherapeutic regimens induced remission in all treated patients in the M6a and M6c groups but did not appear to affect the M6b group. However, the patients in the M6c group remained in remission for a significantly shorter period of time than did patients in the M6a group. Overall, survival appeared to depend on the ratio of pronormoblasts to myeloblasts at diagnosis and demonstrated a rapid decline with increasing pronormoblast and decreasing myeloblast counts. We must, therefore, devise chemotherapeutic regimens that target both blastic components of this disease.     

Evidence that the RdeA protein is a component of a multistep phosphorelay modulating rate of development in Dictyostelium

We have isolated an insertional mutant of Dictyostelium discoideum that aggregated rapidly and formed spores and stalk cells within 14 h of development instead of the normal 24 h. We have shown by parasexual genetics that the insertion is in the rdeA locus and have cloned the gene. It encodes a predicted 28 kDa protein (RdeA) that is enriched in charged residues and is very hydrophilic. Constructs with the DNA for the c-Myc epitope or for the green fluorescent protein indicate that RdeA is not compartmentalized. RdeA displays homology around a histidine residue at amino acid 65 with members of the H2 module family of phosphotransferases that participate in multistep phosphoryl relays. Replacement of this histidine rendered the protein inactive. The mutant is complemented by transformation with the Ypd1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, itself an H2 module protein. We propose that RdeA is part of a multistep phosphorelay system that modulates the rate of development.     

Current options in prosthetic vascular graft infection

Debate continues over which procedure is the best treatment for prosthetic graft infections. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records at our institution for all vascular graft infections that occurred from 1985 to 1995 to evaluate their occurrence, treatment, and outcome. Twenty-four patients had prosthetic graft infections. The average patient age was 62 years, and 67 per cent of the patients studied were men. The initial operation was for treatment of occlusive disease in 92 per cent of the patients, and aortofemoral bypasses were the most common procedures performed (15 of 24 patients, 63%). The average interval from graft implantation to presentation of infection was 29 months. In lower-extremity bypasses, the site of infection was most commonly in the groin (87%). Gram-positive organisms, including coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (32%) and Staphylococcus aureus (28%), were the most frequently isolated bacteria. Thirty procedures were performed for management of the graft infections. Extra-anatomic bypass was associated with no recurrent graft infections. Graft preservation was successful in two cases of early S. aureus infection (less than 1 year after original procedure), and in situ graft replacement was successful in all four cases of late-appearing coagulase-negative Staphylococcus infection (more than 1 year after original procedure). Both treatments failed in all five cases of Gram-negative infection (P = 0.008 by Fisher's exact test). The overall mortality and amputation rates were 17 per cent and 21 per cent, respectively, without significant differences between the treatment modalities. Extra-anatomic bypass remains the best treatment for prosthetic graft infection. In situ replacement and graft preservation treatments should be selective and based on presentation of the infection and the type of pathogenic organism.     

Regulation of hepatic 7 alpha-hydroxylase expression and response to dietary cholesterol in the rat and hamster

Although dietary cholesterol raises plasma total and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations, the response to a given intake of cholesterol varies enormously among different species and even among individuals of the same species. The mechanisms responsible for differing sensitivity to dietary cholesterol were examined by comparing the rat, which is able to adapt to large fluctuations in sterol intake or loss with little change in plasma LDL levels, with the hamster, where changes in sterol balance strongly influence plasma LDL concentrations. When fed the same cholesterol-free diet, hepatic 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity was 16-fold higher in the rat than in the hamster. As a consequence, rates of hepatic cholesterol synthesis were 20-fold higher in the rat than in the hamster. In both species, hepatic cholesterol synthesis was suppressed > 90% in response to increasing loads of dietary cholesterol. However, the quantitative importance of this adaptive mechanism was much greater in the rat since the absolute reduction in hepatic cholesterol synthesis in the rat (2,110 nmol/h/g) was much larger than in the hamster (103 nmol/h/g). In the rat, the high basal level of 7 alpha-hydroxylase expression was further induced by substrate (cholesterol) allowing these animals to convert excess dietary cholesterol to bile acids efficiently. In contrast, the low basal level of enzyme expression in the hamster was not induced by dietary cholesterol. Thus, the low basal rates of bile acid and cholesterol synthesis coupled with a lack of 7 alpha-hydroxylase induction by cholesterol render the hamster much more sensitive than the rat to the cholesterolemic effects of dietary cholesterol.     

PRMT 3, a type I protein arginine N-methyltransferase that differs from PRMT1 in its oligomerization, subcellular localization, substrate specificity, and regulation

Methylation is one of the many post-translational modifications that modulate protein function. Although asymmetric NG,NG-dimethylation of arginine residues in glycine-arginine-rich domains of eucaryotic proteins, catalyzed by type I protein arginine N-methyltransferases (PRMT), has been known for some time, members of this enzyme class have only recently been cloned. The first example of this type of enzyme, designated PRMT1, cloned because of its ability to interact with the mammalian TIS21 immediate-early protein, was then shown to have protein arginine methyltransferase activity. We have now isolated rat and human cDNA orthologues that encode proteins with substantial sequence similarity to PRMT1. A recombinant glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion product of this new rat protein, named PRMT3, asymmetrically dimethylates arginine residues present both in the designed substrate GST-GAR and in substrate proteins present in hypomethylated extracts of a yeast rmt1 mutant that lacks type I arginine methyltransferase activity; PRMT3 is thus a functional type I protein arginine N-methyltransferase. However, rat PRMT1 and PRMT3 glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins have distinct enzyme specificities for substrates present in both hypomethylated rmt1 yeast extract and hypomethylated RAT1 embryo cell extract. TIS21 protein modulates the enzymatic activity of recombinant GST-PRMT1 fusion protein but not the activity of GST-PRMT3. Western blot analysis of gel filtration fractions suggests that PRMT3 is present as a monomer in RAT1 cell extracts. In contrast, PRMT1 is present in an oligomeric complex. Immunofluorescence analysis localized PRMT1 predominantly to the nucleus of RAT1 cells. In contrast, PRMT3 is predominantly cytoplasmic.