全文获取类型
收费全文 | 25603篇 |
免费 | 892篇 |
国内免费 | 315篇 |
专业分类
电工技术 | 467篇 |
综合类 | 543篇 |
化学工业 | 3668篇 |
金属工艺 | 538篇 |
机械仪表 | 741篇 |
建筑科学 | 870篇 |
矿业工程 | 178篇 |
能源动力 | 571篇 |
轻工业 | 2155篇 |
水利工程 | 244篇 |
石油天然气 | 177篇 |
武器工业 | 27篇 |
无线电 | 2393篇 |
一般工业技术 | 2859篇 |
冶金工业 | 8312篇 |
原子能技术 | 176篇 |
自动化技术 | 2891篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 94篇 |
2022年 | 262篇 |
2021年 | 469篇 |
2020年 | 264篇 |
2019年 | 333篇 |
2018年 | 384篇 |
2017年 | 365篇 |
2016年 | 402篇 |
2015年 | 350篇 |
2014年 | 543篇 |
2013年 | 1039篇 |
2012年 | 802篇 |
2011年 | 995篇 |
2010年 | 754篇 |
2009年 | 829篇 |
2008年 | 824篇 |
2007年 | 832篇 |
2006年 | 731篇 |
2005年 | 618篇 |
2004年 | 690篇 |
2003年 | 915篇 |
2002年 | 1199篇 |
2001年 | 1022篇 |
2000年 | 603篇 |
1999年 | 694篇 |
1998年 | 2725篇 |
1997年 | 1619篇 |
1996年 | 1164篇 |
1995年 | 704篇 |
1994年 | 566篇 |
1993年 | 610篇 |
1992年 | 231篇 |
1991年 | 242篇 |
1990年 | 211篇 |
1989年 | 221篇 |
1988年 | 205篇 |
1987年 | 175篇 |
1986年 | 182篇 |
1985年 | 210篇 |
1984年 | 89篇 |
1983年 | 97篇 |
1982年 | 103篇 |
1981年 | 133篇 |
1980年 | 149篇 |
1979年 | 66篇 |
1978年 | 60篇 |
1977年 | 221篇 |
1976年 | 462篇 |
1975年 | 59篇 |
1973年 | 52篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 720 毫秒
91.
92.
Segregation of germ granules in living Caenorhabditis elegans embryos: cell-type-specific mechanisms for cytoplasmic localisation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Extrinsic allergic alveolitis and pulmonary sarcoidosis are granulomatous diseases of the lung for which clinical presentation and anatomic site of granuloma formation differ. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis is caused by inhaled antigens, whereas the nature and source of the inciting antigen in sarcoidosis is unknown. To test the hypothesis that the route via which antigen is introduced to the lung contributes to the clinicopathological presentation of pulmonary granulomatous disease, rats immunized with intravenous (i.v.) Corynebacterium parvum were challenged after 2 weeks with either intratracheal (i.t.) or i.v. C. parvum. The granulomatous inflammation elicited by i.t. challenge predominantly involved alveolar spaces and histologically simulated extrinsic allergic alveolitis. In contrast, the inflammation induced by i.v. challenge was characterized by granulomatous angiitis and interstitial inflammation simulating sarcoidosis. Elevations of leukocyte counts and TNF levels in bronchoalveolar fluid, which reflect inflammation in the intra-alveolar compartment, were much more pronounced after i.t. than after i.v. challenge. Tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-6, CC chemokine, CXC chemokine, and adhesion molecule mRNA and protein expression occurred in each model. In conclusion, i.t. or i.v. challenge with C. parvum in sensitized rats caused pulmonary granulomatous inflammation that was histologically similar to human extrinsic allergic alveolitis and sarcoidosis, respectively. Although the soluble and cellular mediators of granulomatous inflammation were qualitatively similar in both disease models, the differing anatomic source of the same antigenic challenge was responsible for differing clinicopathological presentations. 相似文献
93.
AM De Mattos MA Head J Everett J Hosenpud R Hershberger A Cobanoglu G Ott R Ratkovec DJ Norman 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1994,57(4):626-630
To determine if cardiac allograft outcome is improved among patients with fewer HLA-DR mismatches with their donors, we studied 132 recipients of a primary cardiac allograft who were transplanted between December 1985 and December 1991. These recipients and their donors all had high-confidence-level serological HLA-DR typing, previously shown to correlate highly with DNA DR typing. Patients were divided in two groups based on the HLA-DR mismatch with their donors. Group I consisted of 78 patients with 1 or zero DR mismatch and group II of 54 patients with 2 DR mismatches. Allograft outcome measurements included incidence of moderate rejection, incidence of allograft vasculopathy at 12 months, cardiac function measured as left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and cardiac index (CI), and actuarial graft survival up to 7 years. Groups I and group II were not different with regard to recipient age, donor age, ischemia time, pulmonary vascular resistance, sex, or PRA greater than 0%. Group II had a higher incidence of moderate rejection on the first-week biopsy (47% vs. 25%, P = 0.019), and during the first month (84% vs. 58%, P = 0.006), but no difference was found in frequency of rejection from months 2 to 12. LVEF was not different in the groups at any point. CI was better in group I at 12 months (2.76 vs. 2.5, P = 0.03). No statistically significant difference was found in incidence of allograft vasculopathy (17% vs. 26%, P = 0.204). Actual graft survival at 1 year was better for group I (91% vs. 74%, P = 0.008), and actuarial graft survival at 6 years also favored group I (76% vs. 56%, P = 0.04). Using high-confidence-level serological HLA-DR typing assignments we demonstrated that HLA-DR mismatching correlates highly with cardiac allograft outcome. Implications are that heart transplant survival could be improved if prospective matching were feasible and prioritized or if immunosuppression were tailored to the HLA-DR match. 相似文献
94.
A case-mix classification system for medical rehabilitation 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
MG Stineman JJ Escarce JE Goin BB Hamilton CV Granger SV Williams 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1994,32(4):366-379
Dissatisfaction with Medicare's current system of paying for rehabilitation care has led to proposals for a rehabilitation prospective payment system, but first a classification system for rehabilitation patients must be created. Data for 36,980 patients admitted to and discharged from 125 rehabilitation facilities between January 1, 1990, and April 19, 1991, were provided by the Uniform Data System for Medical Rehabilitation. Classification rules were formed using clinical judgment and a recursive partitioning algorithm. The Functional Independence Measure version of the Function Related Groups (FIM-FRGs) uses four predictor variables: diagnosis leading to disability, admission scores for motor and cognitive functional status subscales as measured by the Functional Independence Measure, and patient age. The system contains 53 FRGs and explains 31.3% of the variance in the natural logarithm length of stay for patients in a validation sample. The FIM-FRG classification system is conceptually simple and stable when tested on a validation sample. The classification system contains a manageable number of groups, and may represent a solution to the problem of classifying medical rehabilitation patients for payment, facility planning, and research on the outcomes, quality, and cost of rehabilitation. 相似文献
95.
96.
97.
Aard J. Groen Petra C. De WeerdNederhof Inge C. Kerssensvan Drongelen Rob A.J. Badoux Gerard P.H. Olthuis 《Creativity & Innovation Management》2002,11(1):2-16
In this paper we describe a framework for analysing the creation and justification of Research & Development. The 4S framework is developed for analysing the scope, scale, skills and social network aspects of Research & Development value. The framework is based on social system theory, a process contingency model, and recent Research & Development metrics. We present a first empirical assessment based on a workshop using the 4S framework for leveraging Research & Development. Results that assist in the assessment of value creation utilising R & D within networks are very relevant in high tech industries. The multi–dimensional process approach of this framework seems promising for understanding and managing R&D value creation, but needs further operationalisation. Case studies are described and a Dutch network on leveraging R&D has been initiated. 相似文献
98.
CD Hébert MR Elwell GS Travlos E Zeiger JE French JR Bucher 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1993,20(3):348-359
1,6-Hexanediamine (HDA) is a high production volume chemical which is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of paints, resins, inks, and textiles and as a corrosion inhibitor in lubricants. Two- and 13-week studies of the toxicity of the dihydrochloride salt of HDA (HDDC) were conducted in male and female Fischer 344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice using whole-body inhalation exposure. Both species were evaluated for histopathologic and reproductive effects, and rats were examined for clinical chemistry and hematologic changes. In the 2-week inhalation studies, animals were exposed to 10-800 mg HDDC/m3, 6 hr per day. All rats, all female mice, and two of five male mice in the high-exposure group died before the end of the study. Surviving mice in this group had a dose-dependent depression in body weight gain. Clinical signs were primarily related to upper respiratory tract irritation and included dyspnea and nasal discharge in both species. Treatment-related histopathologic lesions included inflammation and necrosis of the laryngeal epithelium of both species and the tracheal epithelium of mice, as well as focal inflammation and ulceration of the respiratory and olfactory nasal mucosa. In the 13-week inhalation studies, animals were exposed to HDDC at concentrations of 1.6-160 mg/m3 for 6 hr per day, 5 days per week. In addition to the base study groups, a supplemental group of rats at each exposure level was included to assess the effect of HDDC on reproduction. No treatment-related changes in organ weights or organ-to-body-weight ratios occurred in rats, and no treatment-related clinical signs or gross lesions were seen in either species. Chemical-related microscopic lesions were limited to the upper respiratory tract (larynx and nasal passages) in the two highest exposure groups and were similar in both species. These lesions included minimal to mild focal erosion, ulceration, inflammation, and hyperplasia of the laryngeal epithelium, in addition to degeneration of the olfactory and respiratory nasal epithelium. HDDC caused no significant changes in sperm morphology or vaginal cytology and no significant adverse effects on reproduction in rats or mice. Hematologic and clinical chemistry changes in rats were minor and sporadic and were not accompanied by related histologic findings. HDDC did not increase the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes in mice.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS) 相似文献
99.
BJ Bhattacharyya JW Day JE Gundeck S Leonard RL Wollmann CM Gomez 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1997,27(4):367-377
While the slow onset of desensitization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs), relative to the rate of acetylcholine removal, excludes this kinetic state from shaping synaptic responses in normal neuromuscular transmission, its role in neuromuscular disorders has not been examined. The slow-channel congenital myasthenic syndrome (SCCMS) is a disorder caused by point mutations in the AChR subunit-encoding genes leading to kinetically abnormal (slow) channels, reduced miniature endplate current amplitudes (MEPCs), and degeneration of the postsynaptic membrane. Because of this complicated picture of kinetic and structural change in the neuromuscular junction, it is difficult to assess the importance of the multiple factors that may be responsible for the reduced endplate current amplitudes, and ultimately the clinical syndrome. In order to address this we have used a transgenic mouse model for the SCCMS that has slow AChR ion channels and reduced endplate responsiveness in the absence of any of the degenerative changes. We found that the reduction in MEPC amplitudes in these mice could not be explained by either reduced AChR number or by reduced AChR channel conductance. Rather, we found that the mutant AChRs in situ manifested an activity-dependent reduction in sensitivity that caused diminished MEPC and endplate current amplitude with nerve stimulation. This observation demonstrates that the basis for the reduction in MEPC amplitudes in the SCCMS may be multifactorial. Moreover, these findings demonstrate that, under conditions that alter their rate of desensitization, the kinetic properties of nicotinic AChRs can control the strength of synaptic responses. 相似文献
100.
K Papadakis FI Luks ME De Paepe GJ Piasecki CW Wesselhoeft 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1997,32(2):347-351
We investigated cell proliferation and cell death in the olfactory epithelium (OE) of mice from birth to maturity using bromodeoxyuridine and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick end labeling. We show that cell death events and proliferative activity diminish concomitantly with age in the OE. Thus, the age-dependent and coordinate diminution in cell proliferative activity and cell death events may serve to maintain the thickness of the OE as mice mature and age. 相似文献