The 9E3/CEF4 gene product is a chemotactic and angiogenic factor that can initiate the wound-healing cascade in vivo

The chicken gene 9E3/CEF4 codes for a 9-kDa protein that belongs to the C-X-C family of chemokines. This gene is stimulated to high levels by thrombin, and is overexpressed in the granulation tissue of wounds, especially in areas of neovascularization, suggesting that it is importantly involved in wound healing. The authors used the Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) assay to examine experimentally the functions of the 9E3 chemokine in vivo. It was shown that at lower doses this protein is chemotactic for monocyte/macrophages and lymphocytes (but not heterophils), and directly or indirectly stimulates the growth of blood vessels towards the pellet containing the protein, causes hyperproliferation of the ectoderm of the CAM, and formation of a tissue that resembles the granulation tissue of wounds. At higher doses, however, it does not stimulate chemotaxis of leukocytes but instead causes the blood vessels of the CAM to undergo sprouting. It was also shown that this protein is found in the endothelial cells of developing blood vessels but not in those of mature blood vessels and that, in the latter, expression can be stimulated by application of agents that cause inflammation or are known to be angiogenic. Because the product of the 9E3 gene has chemotactic and angiogenic properties, it is proposed that it be called the chicken Chemotactic and Angiogenic Factor (cCAF). These observations show that in the absence of wounding, cCAF, by itself, can initiate a complex series of events that strongly resemble those involved in the immune response and granulation tissue formation, suggesting an important role for this and related chemokines in wound healing. Although this chemokine belongs to the C-X-C family it can perform functions of both the C-C (chemotaxis for monocyte/macrophages and lymphocytes) and C-X-C (angiogenesis) families, suggesting that this could be the first of a functionally broader family of chemokines which would be generated as a response to emergency situations.     

Group cognitive-behavioral treatment of binge eating disorder: a comparison of therapist-led versus self-help formats

A new enzymatic assay for selectively measuring conjugated bilirubin concentration in serum with use of bilirubin oxidase (BOD) has been developed. At pH 5.5 BOD can oxidize only conjugated bilirubin in the presence of reagents such as sodium fluoride and N-acetylcysteine which can decrease BOD reactivity to unconjugated bilirubin and bilirubin covalently bound to albumin (delta bilirubin). The resulting decrease in absorbance at 450 nm is linearly related to the concentration of conjugated bilirubin in serum. The BOD in this new assay was confirmed to oxidize conjugated bilirubin, and neither unconjugated nor delta bilirubin, based on both its reactivity to unconjugated bilirubin and HPLC results. This assay was found to give satisfactory results, such as in terms of the range of measurement, the reproducibility of the results, the lack of interference with coexisting substances in serum and the stability of the reagent solutions, in practical applications. The serum conjugated bilirubin concentrations determined using this assay correlate well with those determined by the HPLC analysis. This assay can be used for accurate monitoring of changes in the conjugated bilirubin concentration in patient sera. These findings suggest that the conjugated bilirubin assay is useful for fractional determination of bilirubin in icteric sera.     

Octoxynol presence in bear-bile

The presence of octoxynol from dried bear-bile was examined. Octoxynol was coextracted when glycolipids by Folch-Suzuki partition method. Octoxynol formed mixed-micelles with glycosphingolipids. The glycolipids were purified by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column chromatography. The fractions containing mixed micelles were obtained from linear gradient solvent of 0.05M-0.5M ammonium acetate in methanol. HPLC ( Bondapak-NH(2) - linked to a Bondapak-C(18) column) chromatogram showed five peaks. Two possible structures for the fourth peak fraction were proposed as (CH(3))(3)C-CH(2)-C(CH(3))(2)-C(6)H(4)-OR and (CH(3))(3)C-C(CH(3))(2)-CH(2)-C(6)H(4)-OR by NMR spectroscopy. The structure was further confirmed by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (ESI MS/MS). The spectrum showed a protonated molecule at m/z 559 and three different series of ions with mass difference of 44 were detected in the MS/MS spectrum. Therefore, the structure of the fourth peak fraction from HPLC was confirmed as octoxynol, (CH(3))(3)C-CH(2)-C(CH(3))(2)-C(6)H(4)-(OCH(2)-CH(2))n-OH, based on mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy.     

Thrombopoietin and its receptor, c-mpl, are constitutively expressed by mouse liver endothelial cells: evidence of thrombopoietin as a growth factor for liver endothelial cells

Present data suggest that the primary site of thrombopoietin (TPO) mRNA is the liver. Previously, we reported that specific murine liver endothelial cells (LEC-1) located in the hepatic sinusoids support in vitro megakaryocytopoiesis from murine hematopoietic stem cells suggesting that these cells may be a source of TPO. We report here that TPO and its receptor, c-mpl, are coexpressed on cloned LEC-1. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), biological assay, and flow cytometry studies confirmed the expression of both TPO and its receptor, respectively, at the protein level. TPO activity was enhanced in supernatants from LEC-1 treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and gamma-interferon (INF). Our results show that TPO through its receptor stimulated the growth of LEC-1 in vitro. These observations establish LEC-1 as a novel source of TPO in the liver. To our knowledge, this is the first report that liver endothelial cells express both TPO and its receptor, c-mpl, and our findings indicate that this cytokine constitutes a growth factor for liver endothelial cells in vitro.     

Flucytosine monotherapy for cryptococcosis

Medullary carcinoma is a recently recognized tumor of the kidney with distinctive microscopic features; the most notable are diffuse and glandular growth patterns, inflammatory infiltrates, and rhabdoid/plasmacytoid cells. It is a clinically aggressive tumor that occurs in relatively young patients. Moreover, this tumor shows a peculiar clinical association: it occurs in patients with sickle cell hemoglobinopathy. The case presented is that of a 37-year-old black woman with a history of bronchial asthma who died suddenly. Autopsy showed a 4-cm renal mass with extension to the inferior vena cava and metastases to the liver. Histologic evaluation showed the characteristic findings of medullary carcinoma of the kidney. This diagnosis prompted the investigation and subsequent detection of sickle cell trait in the deceased, alerting the family to the genetic nature of her illness. This case is the first report of this entity since the original described series of patients and shows the unique nature of this cancer as a marker of a genetic medical disease.     

Pharmacotherapeutic compass 1998

The Central Medical Pharmaceutical Committee of the Health Insurance Council informs the medical profession annually about the effects of drugs through the Pharmacotherapeutical Compass. The 1998 edition now contains a chapter on pharmacokinetics as well. Compared with previous editions the main alterations of the contents concern an introduction and advice on the antidepressants, two protocols with respect to the medical treatment of patients suffering from epilepsy, advice with respect to oral drugs for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, an introduction and advice regarding the treatment of allergic rhinitis, the treatment of patients suffering from AIDS with antiretroviral drugs, the treatment of genital herpes, the taking of insulin lispro by patients with diabetes and the taking of bisphosphonates to prevent or to treat osteoporosis. Two corrections to the 1998 edition are given.     

A simple technique for the long-term non-polarised and polarised culture of human fallopian tube epithelial cells

Fallopian tubes were obtained from 25 women undergoing abdominal hysterectomy. Pieces of fallopian tube mucosa were placed in culture flasks containing minimum essential medium in Earle's salts supplemented with fetal bovine serum. First passage was carried out after 7-10 days and subcultures in 4-5 days. For polarised cell culture, epithelial cells were seeded onto an extracellular matrix system. New epithelial cells were seen on day 2-3 of the primary culture and epithelial patches on day 7-10. Cells reached confluence in 4-5 days in subcultures. The cells could be subcultured for 7-11 passages with a life span of 42-60 days. Epithelial origins of the cells were confirmed by immunofluorescence staining with anti-cytokeratin antibody. Polarised cells showed a columnar pattern, microvilli on their apical surface and basally located nucleus whereas non-polarised cells were flat. It was concluded that the human fallopian tube epithelial cells can be cultured in vitro to create non-polarised and polarised cell layers by using a simple and reproducible technique and this system can be a potential model to study function of the fallopian tube.