MRI and articular cartilage

There are considerable laboratory data and information from animal and continuous culture in vitro models to support continuous infusion therapy for penicillins and cephalosporins, but, as yet, the only existing clinical data relate to cephalosporins. Penicillins do not exert concentration-dependent killing in the therapeutic range but have a post-antibiotic effect (PAE) against Gram-positive cocci but not Gram-negative rods. Animal models indicate the time (T) during which the serum concentrations exceed the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the pathogen [T > MIC] determines outcomes. Pharmacokinetic studies in humans indicate that continuous infusion with penicillins is possible but there are no clinical data on efficacy. Cephalosporins have similar pharmacodynamic properties to penicillins; T > MIC determines outcome. Data related to ceftazidime indicate that the drug concentration at steady-state (Css) should exceed the pathogen MIC by > 1-fold and perhaps by 4- to 5-fold or more. Human pharmacokinetics of ceftazidime administered by continuous infusion to a wide variety of patient groups indicates that Css of > 20 mg/L can easily be achieved using conventional daily doses. Clinical data indicate increased effectiveness of a continuous regimen in neutropenic patients with Gram-negative infection. Furthermore cefuroxime administration by continuous infusion has resulted in lower doses and shorter course durations. Little is known of the pharmacodynamics of monobactams and there are few clinical data on continuous infusion therapy. Carbapenems have different pharmacodynamics to other beta-lactams as they have concentration-dependent killing and a PAE with both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. While T > MIC has a role in determining outcomes, the proportion of the dosing interval for which serum drug concentrations should exceed the pathogen MIC is less than for other beta-lactams. In vitro models have shown that continuous infusion is effective, as is less frequent dosing. There are few data on continuous infusion of carbapenems but some patients have been treated with once-daily dosing. Clinically, continuous infusion therapy with penicillins and cephalosporins should be considered in patients infected with susceptible Gram-negative rods not responding to conventional therapy. As an approximation, the same total daily dose should be given but a bolus intravenous injection should be give at the start of continuous infusion to ensure Css is reached rapidly. The Css may be difficult to predict and determination of serum drug concentrations may be indicated. Ideally, the Css should be calculated based on the MIC of the potential pathogen and may be higher or lower than the Css achieved by a conventional daily dose.     

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: neurophysiologic visual impairments

OBJECTIVE: The predictive value of electrophysiologic visual testing in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) was investigated, and the retinal pathologic findings in three cases are reported. BACKGROUND: The fatal prognosis of CJD, its transmissibility, and the lack of treatment make early diagnosis essential in averting human-to-human transmission. Electroretinogram and visual evoked potentials have been studied in few cases of CJD. METHODS: A visual electrophysiologic examination was performed in 41 consecutive patients referred with suspected CJD. The disease had been diagnosed in 24 patients (CJD group; 15 were confirmed neuropathologically and 9 by clinicolaboratory methods in accordance with diagnostic criteria). The remaining 17 patients were diagnosed with other neurologic disorders, and served as a control group. RESULTS: Flash electroretinogram revealed a significant decrease in the amplitude of the B1 wave (<60 microV) and the B/A ratio (<2) in the CJD group compared with those in the control group. Flash visual evoked potentials revealed no significant difference in latency, but amplitude was increased (>10 microV) in the CJD group, especially in patients with myoclonus. CONCLUSIONS: The visual electrophysiologic abnormalities provide an interesting noninvasive diagnostic tool in idiopathic CJD. The B1-wave decrease is closely correlated with the outer plexiform layer abnormalities observed on neuropathologic examination.     

Comparison of the resistance of C57BL/6 and C3H/He mice to infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis

Susceptibility of C57BL/6 (Bcgs) and C3H/HeN (Bcgr) mice to an intraperitoneal infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis strain 19698 was compared (by histopathology and the number of mycobacteria isolated from the spleen). Mycobacterial counts from the spleen of Bcgr mice progressively decreased over the course of infection but remained unchanged in Bcgs mice. Granulomatous lesions and acid-fast bacteria were consistently present in the liver and lymph nodes of Bcgs mice, whereas lesions were transient or absent in Bcgr mice. These results indicate that Bcgr mice are inherently resistant to M. paratuberculosis, whereas Bcgs mice are inherently susceptible. These differences may prove useful in elucidating the mechanisms of resistance and susceptibility to paratuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections.     

Role of Epstein-Barr virus in fine-needle aspirates of metastatic neck nodes in the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

The crystal structure of the peptide Boc-Phe-Val-OMe determined by X-ray diffraction methods is reported in this paper. The crystals grown from aqueous methanol are orthorhombic, space group P2(1)2(1)2(1),a = 11.843(2), b = 21.493(4), c = 26.676(4) A3 and V = 6790 A3. Data were collected on a CAD4 diffractometer using MoK alpha radiation (lambda = 0.7107 A) up to Bragg angle theta = 26 degrees. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by a least-squares procedure to an R value of 6.8% for 3288 observed reflections. There are three crystal-lographically independent peptide molecules in the asymmetric unit. All the three molecules exhibit extended conformation. The sidechain of the Val2 residue shows two different conformations. The conformation of the peptide Boc-Phe-Val-OMe is compared with the conformation of Ac-delta Phe-Val-OH. It is observed that while Boc-Phe-Val-OMe exhibits an extended conformation, Ac-delta Phe-Val-OH shows a folded conformation. The results of this comparison highlight the conformation constraining property of the delta Phe residue. Interestingly, even though Boc-Phe-Val-OMe and Ac-delta Phe-Val-OH are conformationally different, they exhibit similar packing patterns in the solid state.     

Cytomegalovirus retinitis and viral resistance: 3. Culture results. CMV Retinitis and Viral Resistance Study Group

PURPOSE: The Strong Heart Study is a study of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors among American Indian men and women aged 45-74 yr representative of 13 communities from Arizona (AZ), Oklahoma (OK), and North/South Dakota (N/SD). This investigation sought to characterize the amount and type of physical activity and to determine the association between activity and lipids in this population. METHODS: Total physical activity (occupational plus leisure) was assessed with a validated questionnaire. RESULTS: Men and women from OK (21 +/- 19 and 16 +/- 15 h.wk-1; respectively) and N/SD (23 +/- 21 and 17 +/- 17 h.wk-1; respectively) had activity levels that were similar if not lower than the U.S. population with the AZ communities (17 +/- 21 and 10 +/- 14 h.wk-1; respectively) being substantially lower than the other two communities. Total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels were lower than the U.S. population. CONCLUSIONS: For most of the population (diabetic men and nondiabetic men and women), activity was significantly associated (P < 0.05) with apolipoprotein (apo) AI after controlling for covariates. With levels of activity as low if not lower than the general U.S. population coupled with high prevalence of obesity and diabetes, efforts to increase physical activity in American Indians are warranted. Hopefully these increases in activity will result in favorable lipid changes as well as decreasing the risk of diabetes which is epidemic in these populations.     

A reflective approach to career trajectory in advanced practice nursing

In response to a university mandate and general faculty dissatisfaction with work assignments, faculty developed a faculty work load formula. The authors discuss the development of the teaching portion of the formula. Implementation of the formula and publication of teaching work loads has resulted in greater awareness of other's responsibilities, improved faculty morale, increased accountability, and a greater sense of control. Some problem areas are also discussed.     

Mesenteric venous thrombosis after appendicectomy in a child: clinical case and review of the literature

Mesenteric venous thrombosis (MVT) after appendicectomy has not been reported in the pediatric literature. This complication is associated with significant morbidity and mortality rates in adults. The report of this case attempts to analyze the features found in an appendicectomized child documented by radiological examination and surgery before and after starting heparin therapy. Anticoagulation treatment should be started as soon as possible and continued for a long time to decrease the risk of relapse.     

Clinical comparison of an enhanced-sensitivity branched-DNA assay and reverse transcription-PCR for quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in plasma

We investigated whether inhibition of the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase by the CGP57418B compound would render chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) cells susceptible to Fas (CD95, Apo-1)-mediated cell death. Only two (AR230 and SD1) out of 10 BCR-ABL positive cell lines were found to express the CD95 protein. No change in Fas expression was observed in any of the 10 cell lines after 48 h exposure to CGP57418B. AR230 cells were resistant and SD1 cells were partially resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis induced by ligation of the Fas receptor to an anti-Fas IgM antibody. Pre-incubation with 1 microM CGP57418B did not change the susceptibility of these cell lines to Fas-mediated cell death. Similar results were observed in experiments with CD34+ cells from CML patients and from normal individuals. The data suggest that, in contrast to some cytotoxic drugs, the CGP57148B tyrosine kinase inhibitor utilizes a pathway other than the CD95 system in order to induce apoptosis in CML cells.     

Determination of 5-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase activity in erythrocytes and porphobilinogen in urine by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

A micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatographic (MECC) method has been developed and optimised for the separation of 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) and porphobilinogen (PBG). The running buffer consisted of a mixture of 20 mM sodium phosphate and 20 mM sodium borate containing 50 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) adjusted to pH 9.5 with 1 M NaOH. The running voltage and temperature were 20-25 kV and 30 degrees C, respectively. The MECC method for the analysis of PBG is fast and simple and is useful for the screening of PBG in the urine of patients suspected to have acute intermittent porphyria (AIP), and for the confirmation of lead exposure by measuring red-cell ALA-dehydratase (ALA-D) activity with ALA as the enzyme substrate.