Pathogenesis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle

This paper reviews the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle, focusing on aspects relating to the host rather than the organism. A broad concept of pathogenesis has been considered and information is presented on sources and routes of infection, as well as the immune responses and pathology. In addition, data is presented on the excretion of M. bovis from tuberculous cattle.     

Multiple solution conformations of the integrin-binding cyclic pentapeptide cyclo(-Ser-D-Leu-Asp-Val-Pro-). Analysis of the (phi, psi) space available to cyclic pentapeptides

The aqueous solution structure of the cyclic pentapeptide cyclo(-Ser-D-Leu-Asp-Val-Pro-) has been determined by two-dimensional 1H-NMR spectroscopy, combined with a conformational search and distance-geometry calculations. As many as five conformers in slow exchange were observed, and the rate of interconversion between components was measured from the build-up rates of exchange peaks. NMR data allowed the structures of the two predominant conformers to be determined. The major component (66%) contained a cis-proline as part of a type-VIa2 beta-turn encompassing residues Asp-Val-cis-Pro-Ser. The second component (16%) contained only trans-amide bonds, and a type-VIII beta-turn formed by residues Val-Pro-Ser-D-Leu. These structures are discussed in relation to the (phi, psi), space available to the cyclic pentapeptide, determined by a conformational search, and in relation to previously published cyclic-pentapeptide structures. The molecule exhibits activity in a scintillation-proximity assay for the inhibition of the interaction between the integrin very-late antigen-4 (VLA-4; alpha 4 beta 1) and vascular-cell-adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). The structure/activity relationship of the LDV sequence is discussed and related to the recently published X-ray structure of VCAM-1. The relevance of the work to the design of anti-inflammatory drugs is discussed.     

Purification and characterization of a NADP+/NADPH-specific flavoprotein that is overexpressed in FdI- strains of Azotobacter vinelandii

Earlier studies have established that mutant strains of Azotobacter vinelandii that do not synthesize ferredoxin I (AvFdI) overexpress another protein designated Protein X (Morgan, T. V., Lundell, P. J., and Burgess, B. K. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 1370-1375). This protein has now been purified using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis as an assay. The purified protein is a monomer with M(r) approximately 29,000 which degrades slowly to a specific M(r) approximately 22,000 form when stored in solution. The native protein is bright yellow and contains noncovalently attached FAD that is reduced by either dithionite or NADPH without formation of a stable semiquinone. Titration with NADP+/NADPH gives an E0' value of approximately -327 mV versus SHE. Because this E0' is so close to that of the NADP+/NADPH couple it is not clear if Protein X is an NADPH oxidase or an NADP+ reductase in vivo. Comparison of the NH2-terminal sequence and other properties of Protein X with those of other proteins, suggests that it is likely to be related to the Escherichia coli ferredoxin NADP+ reductase (the fpr gene product), and affinity chromatography shows that Protein X binds specifically to AvFdI.     

Abnormal mucosal glycoprotein synthesis in inflammatory bowel diseases is not related to cigarette smoking

Patients with ulcerative colitis are usually non- or ex-smokers in contrast to Crohn's disease where smoking is common. Abnormalities of quantity and quality of intestinal mucus have been postulated in the pathogenesis of these diseases. It is possible that smoking habit may exert its effects via changes in mucus in inflammatory bowel disease. We have therefore studied incorporation of N-acetylglucosamine into synthesized colonic mucin in explants from 85 controls with normal colonoscopic appearances and histology, including 27 smokers and 58 nonsmokers, 36 patients with ulcerative colitis and 19 with ileocolonic Crohn's disease over 24 h in tissue culture. Incorporation of N-acetylglucosamine into normal explants was 31.3 +/- (SD) 7.1 dpm/microgram biopsy protein, incorporation was increased in patients with active Crohn's disease (mean 41.2 +/- (SD) 10.4 dpm/microgram biopsy protein, p = 0.003), decreased in inactive ulcerative colitis (mean 24.1 +/- 7.8 dpm/microgram biopsy protein, p = 0.0006) but normal in active ulcerative colitis (mean 35.0 +/- 13.8 dpm/microgram biopsy protein, p = 0.44). No significant relationship was found between cigarette smoking habits and mucus synthesis in controls with normal mucosa (nonsmokers, n = 58, mean 31.0 +/- (SD) 7.52 dpm/microgram biopsy protein; smokers, n = 27, mean 31.8 +/- (SD) 6.1 dpm/microgram biopsy protein, p = 0.9). This study shows that mucus glycoprotein synthesis is reduced in inactive ulcerative colitis, rising to normal levels in active disease and that synthesis is increased in Crohn's disease. There is no effect of smoking on mucus synthesis by control biopsies suggesting that the differences seen in inflammatory bowel disease are not related to cigarette smoking.     

Postoperative arachnoiditis diagnosed by high resolution fast spin-echo MRI of the lumbar spine

Concentrations of 11 trace elements were determined in 56 control and 98 Alzheimer's disease (AD) olfactory bulb, olfactory tract, olfactory trigone, piriform cortex and amygdala specimens by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Iron and zinc were significantly elevated and bromine was significantly depleted in olfactory regions of AD patients, compared with normal age-matched control subjects. Elevated iron could possibly play a role in neuronal degeneration in AD by enhancing reactive free radical formation.