The genetics of specific reading disability

Members of the immediate families of twenty children with specific reading disability were examined to determine the prevalence of reading disability within the families. A procedure was developed for identifying adults who may have compensated for a disability manifested more clearly in childhood. Forty-five percent of 75 first-degree relatives of the parents were affected and there was a significantly greater number of affected male relatives than females. No single mode of genetic transmission is evident after inspection of the pedigrees. It is suggested that the disorder is genetically heterogeneous and that subgroups of disabled readers should be looked for.     

Long-term low-dose co-trimoxazole in prophylaxis of childhood urinary tract infection: clinical aspects

Long-term low-dosage prophylaxis may be used in children with recurrent urinary tract infection to prevent reinfection of the urinary tract while the underlying cause of infection persists. Co-trimoxazole in a dose of 2 mg trimethoprin combined with 10 mg sulphamethoxazole per kg body weight daily has proved very effective: only six of 130 children receiving this treatment during a total period of 2637 months developed a reinfection. Co-trimoxazole was acceptable, compliance was good, and there were no important adverse effects. Supportive measures during prophylaxis are important. Sixty-five children were follow up after completion of their co-trimoxazole prophylaxis. Twenty-seven developed reinfections with fresh organisms, over two-thirds occurring within three months of discontinuing prophylaxis. Each one of these reinfections was sensitive to trimethoprin. The rectal flora were similarly sensitive.     

Melanoblastoma of the rectum

Vroom's (1964) expectancy theory model was used to predict older workers' choices between continued employment or immediate retirement. It was hypothesized that a person's preference for one of the two alternatives would be a function of the differences between the instrumentality of employment and the instrumentality of retirement for the attainment of outcomes, multiplied by the valence of each outcome, summed over outcomes. To test this, 290 Israeli male workers, aged 57 to 64, were interviewed. Measures included: preference for employment or retirement; valences of 35 outcomes; perceived instrumentalities of employment and retirement. The results supported the hypothesis (R = .40; p less than .01). It is suggested that further research along these lines could equip organizations with a tool for assisting older employees in the transition to retirement or for encouraging those who are still capable of making a significant contribution to remain employed.     

Ischemic therapy in thrombocytopenia from hypersplenism

Percutaneous transfemoral arterial balloon occlusion or gelatin sponge embolization of the splenic artery or both were carried out in three high-risk patients with hepatic cirrhosis to reduce splenic hyperfunction and improve severe thrombocytopenia. Although this maneuver raised peripheral platelet counts in each patient, in one patient left upper quadrant pain with splinting of the lower chest cage led to hypostatic lower lobe pneumonia, while in another septic splentitis with gas-forming organisms necessitated splecectomy. Transfemoral occlusion of the splenic artery, although an effective, noninvasive approach to control splenic hyperfunction, has at the same time potential dangers that should be viewed with extreme caution in therapeutic application.     

Differing effects of the vasodilator drugs, prazosin and diazoxide on plasma renin activity in the dog

1. The effects of intravenous (i.v.) administration of the vasodilator drugs prazosin or diazoxide on blood pressure and plasma renin activity were evaluated in the anaesthetized dog. 2. Prazosin and diazoxide both induced a rapid reduction in the mean arterial pressure to 73% and 75% of control values respectively. 3. Prazosin lowered plasma renin activity to 62% (P less than 0-025) of the control value whereas diazoxide raised plasma renin activity to 178% (P less than 0.05) of the control value. 4. The combination of vasodilatation and low renin activity observed following the administration of prazosin is unique, and may have clinical significance if these factors reduce the vascular complications of hypertension.     

Action of prostaglandin, PGF2alpha, on the uterus of the pregnant rat

In a cytogenetic study on the spermatogonia of Chinese hamster, cyclohexylamine (neutral sulphate) was evaluated for mutagenic effects in comparison with an untreated control group and a group treated with the mutagenic compound cyclophosphamide, by assessing spermatogonial metaphases of treated Chinese hamster for chromosomal structural changes. Each test group comprised 8 male hamsters selected at random. Approximately 100 metaphases from each animal were assessed. The doses were 5 X 150 mg cyclohexylamine sulphate (approx. 5 X 102 mg base) per kg body-weight orally, and 5 X 100 mg cyclophosphamide per kg body-weight orally. The individual doses were administered at intervals of 24 h. Preparations were made 24 h after the final treatment, essentially by the method of Hoo and Bowles [10]. Gaps, breaks, fragments, deletions and translocations were assessed as structural changes; frequencies were determined of the metaphases (a) with aberration(s) including gaps, (b)with aberration(s) less gaps and (c)with translocation(s). Aberrations occurred in the untreated negative control group (1.24% incl. gaps, 0.25% without gaps). Translocations were not seen in the untreated group. In the cyclochexylamine group, the frequencies of the aberrant metaphases were sometimes less than in the control group (0.87% including gaps, 0.37% without gaps). Statistically, the results were not significantly different from the control data. No translocations were seen after administration of cyclohexylamine. The positive cyclophosphamide control group clearly differed from the untreated control and from the cyclohexylamine group in the parameters (a) to (c); mainly, the results were highly significantly different from those obtained in the untreated control group. The frequencies of the aberrant metaphases were 3.41% including gaps and 1.99% without gaps. The frequency of the translocations was 0.71% (5 out of 704). Cyclohexylamine sulphate, administered 5 times at 150 mg/kg body-weight orally, had no mutagenic effect, whereas cyclophosphamide, adminstered 5 times at 100 mg/kg body-weight orally, had a chromosome-damaging effect on Chinese hamster spermatogonia.     

Topology of the principal EEG elements of sleep analyzed by analogue filters

In order to compare the venodilation effect of morphine in normal individuals (22) with that in patients (13) with heart failure morphine sulfate (0.1 mg/kg) was administered to 13 patients with mild pulmonary edema. After morphine congestive symptoms improved and venodilation was induced as determined by two independent techniques: venous pressure fell 10.2 mm Hg by the isolated hand technique and the venous volume of the forearm increased by 0.48 cc/100 ml, measured by equilibration technique. Neither finding differed from those in normal individuals. Reflex venoconstriction noted on the taking of a single deep breath was unaffected by morphine administration and was similar to that observed in normal subjects. Since the drug morphine sulfate does not cause a major pooling of blood in the limbs, the favorable effect of narcotics in patients with pulmonary edema must be caused by other mechanisms such as splanchnic pooling, afterload reduction or reduced breathing effort.     

A classification of endocervical curettings

The influence of inborn errors of metabolism on the amino acid content, the structure and growth of human hair has been studied in patients suffering from Phenylketonuria, Cystinosis, Homocystinuria and Tyrosinosis. Examiniation of hairs under the scanning electron microscope reveals defects and abnormalities such as a plicated pattern of the cuticula in patients with Phenylketonuria and Cystinosis. The amino acid content of the hydrolized hair keratin of all patients was within normal range and did not reveal significant changes of phenylalanine, cystine, homocystine, methionine or tyrosine. Disturbance in hair growth was determined by evaluation of standardized hair root samples. The results indicate an increase in hair root atrophy with increasing severity of the disorder of amino acid metabolism.     

Long-term exposure to jet fuel: an investigation on occupationally exposed workers with special reference to the nervous system

In the present study the results of a neurological and neurophysiological health examination of 29 aircraft factory workers chronically exposed to jet fuel vapors are presented. The exposed subjects were classified into a heavily exposed and a less heavily exposed group. The examination included a standardized clinical neurological examination, measurements of the conduction velocities in the peripheral nerves, and threshold determinations of vibratory sensations in the extremities. All 13 persons examined in the heavily exposed group and 7 of the 16 in the less heavily exposed group stated that they had repeatedly experienced acute effects (dizziness, respiratory tract symptoms, heart palpitations, a feeling of pressure on the chest, nausea, headache) of the jet fuel vapors in the inhaled air. A high rate of symptoms indicative of neurasthenia and psychasthenia and symptoms and signs indicative of polyneuropathy was observed both in the heavily exposed group and in the two groups combined in comparison with reference groups. Considering the presented facts concerning (a) the acute effects on repeated occasions, (b) the high rates of symptoms indicative of neurasthenia and psychasthenia and symptoms and signs indicative of polyneuropathy, and (c) the differences in the observations made between the two groups with varying degrees of exposure to jet fuel, the authors interpreted the results as indicative of a possible effect of long-term exposure to jet fuel on the nervous system.