The psychological development of orphanage-reared infants: interventions with outcomes (Tehran)

This paper describes five successive interventions in the rearing of infants at an orphanage in Tehran, with their outcomes. The outcomes were assessed longitudinally. The first of the successive groups, here called "waves", numbered 15. These Ss constitute the controls. The only intervention consisted of examining the infants every other week during the first year and every fourth week thereafter with the ordinal, sensorimotor scales of Uzgiris and Hunt. The audio-visual intervention intended for the second wave of 10 infants was tape-recorded mother talk and music under the control of the infants and mobiles that the infants could activate. This plan was never adequately implemented because of inadequate supervision. The third wave of 10 infants got extra untutored human care. The fourth wave of 20 infants got the kind of audio-visual intervention originally intended for the second wave plus access to responsive inanimate materials. For the fifth wave, numbering 11, the infant-caretaker ratio was reduced to two or three to one and the caretakers were taught the Badger program supplemented with procedures to foster vocal imitation and semantic mastery of body parts, clothing, toys, and other objects and events regularly encountered. The results show that each successive wave, excepting the second, achieved the top steps of nearly all seven of the ordinal scales at mean ages younger than the preceding wave, and the fifth wave surpassed even home-reared American children from predominantly professional families in achieving the top steps on five of the seven scales. The findings show that infants need not advance along all branches simultaneously and that the kinds of experience encountered determine the branch along which advancement occurs. A number of theoretical implications are examined. Especially important is the idea that a dependable educational psychology for infancy and early childhood calls for much more knowledge than we now have of the kinds of experience that advance development along each of the various branches.     

增加折叠电流保护的电路

对许多需要数安培供电电流的应用而言，三端输出可调线性稳压器有易用．低成本和完全片上过载保护等特点，如美国国家半导体公司的LM317。增加数个元器件可以使三端稳压器具备一种高速度的短路限流能力，从而提高可靠性。限流器可将最大输出电流限制在一个安全的恒定水平IMAX上，避免稳压器的损坏。当出现一个故障状况时，传输晶体管上的功耗近似于VIN×IMAX。要让设计的稳压器能承受过载，就需要谨慎地选择元器件的额定值（经常是留了过大的余地），除非可以在故障发生时降低或折叠（foldback）输出电流。     

I DDQ testing in CMOS digital ASICs

I _DDQ testing with precision measurement unit (PMU) was used to eliminate early life failures caused by CMOS digital ASICs in our products. Failure analysis of the rejected parts found that bridging faults caused by particles were not detected in incoming tests created by automatic test generation (ATG) for stuck-at-faults (SAF). The nominal 99.6% SAF test coverage required to release a design for production was not enough! This article shows how I _DDQ testing and supplier process improvements affected our early life failure rates over a three year period. A typical I _DDQ measurement distribution, effects of multiple I _DDQ testing, and examples of the defects found are presented. The effects of less than 99.6% fault coverage after the I _DDQ testing was implemented are reviewed. The methods used to establish I _DDQ test limits and implement the I _DDQ test with existing ATG testing are included. This article is a revision of one given at International Test Conference [1].     

A Sharp Interface Model of Intermediate-Phase Growth Under the Influence of Electromigration

A sharp interface model has been developed to model intermediate-phase growth under the influence of electromigration in a binary system. Simulation results show that the phase growth rate depends on both the magnitude and the direction of the applied current. With the current density fixed, at early times, there is a parabolic growth behavior for the intermediate phase, while at longer times, there is a linear phase growth behavior when the electron flow aids diffusion of atoms; however, a limiting thickness is found when the electron flow hinders diffusion. Qualitative analysis shows that the longer time behavior also holds in a binary system with multiple intermediate phases present.     

Performance comparison of local area video streaming systems

The performance of our Quality Oriented Adaptation Scheme (QOAS) for multimedia streaming in local networks is compared with other existing solutions (TFRCP, LDA+, and non-adaptive). This comparison is done in terms of bandwidth utilization, number of concurrent clients, loss rate, and end-user perceived quality. Simulation results show that for the same average end-user quality, our QOAS system can accommodate a significantly higher number of simultaneous clients while also having higher bandwidth utilization. For the same number of clients, the average end-user quality is always higher for QOAS than for the other solutions studied.     

Multichannel, Single Tral Event Related Potential Classification

We report on the effect of electrode placement and number of electrodes on the classification of single trial event related potentials (ERP's). The subjects read propositions relating fictitious people and their occupations while ERP's were recorded. The subjects decided if the proposition was correct or incorrect and responded as per instructions. The single trial, multichannel ERP data were classified using various methods, e. g., hold-out, leave-one-out, resubstitution. Several other factors were examined to determine their effect on ERP classification, including taking a majority vote among channels, using the single best channel, and averaging the data across channels for a single ERP. The results from other experiments are compared to those presented here.     

Orientation disruptor (ord): a recombination-defective and disjunction-defective meiotic mutant in Drosophila melanogaster

The effects of a semidominant autosomal meiotic mutant, orientation disruptor (symbol: ord), located at 2-103.5 on the genetic map and in region 59B-D of the salivary map, have been examined genetically and cytologically. The results are as follows. (1) Crossing over in homozygous females is reduced to about seven percent of controls on all chromosomes, with the reduction greatest in distal regions. (2) Crossing over on different chromosomes is independent. (3) Reductional nondisjunction of any given chromosome is increased to about thirty percent of gametes from homozygous females. The probability of such nondisjunction is the same among exchange and nonexchange tetrads with the exception that a very proximal exchange tends to regularize segregation. (4) Equational nondisjunction of each chromosome is increased to about ten percent of gametes in homozygous females; this nondisjunction is independent of exchange. (5) The distributive pairing system is operative in homozygous females. (6) In homozygous males, reductional nondisjunction of each chromosome is increased to about ten percent, and equational nondisjunction to about twenty percent, of all gametes. (7) Cytologically, two distinct meiotic divisions occur in spermatocytes of homozygous males. The first division looks normal although occasional univalents are present at prophase I and a few lagging chromosomes are seen at anaphase I. However, sister chromatids of most chromosomes have precociously separated by metaphase II. Possible functions of the ord(+) gene are considered.     

Intra-arterial sympathetic blockade in the treatment of clinical frostbite

Regional medical sympathectomy achieved by the intra-arterial injection of reserpine appeared to be of benefit in the treatment of five patients with acute or chronic frostbite injuries. Clinical improvement was associated with a significant increase in arteriographically determined regional perfusion.     

Cholesterogenesis: derepression in extrahepatic tissues with 4-aminopyrazolo (3,4-d) pyrimidine

Administration of 4-aminopyrazolo [3,4-d] pyrimidine decreased serum cholesterol levels in the rat to less than 5 milligrams per deciliter. Coincident with this change, there was a 2.1 - to 16.0-fold increase in the rate of sterol synthesis in seven extrahepatic tissues. This suggests that cholesterol carried in serum lipoproteins plays a major role in regulating sterol synthesis in many extrahepatic tissues.     

Effects of glutathione-oxidizing agents on microtubule assembly and microtubule-dependent surface properties of human neutrophils

In human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and lymphocytes, GSH-oxidizing agents promote the movement of surface-bound concanavalin A (Con A) into caps and inhibit the assembly of microtubules (MT) that is normally induced by Con A binding. Con A capping and inhibition of MT assembly occur when GSH levels in cell suspensions are decreased by 30-70%, and return to GSH to control levels is accompanied by the appearance of cytoplasmic MT and by inhibition of the capping response with Con A. Oxidation of GSH markedly stimulates the hexose monophosphate shunt, and regeneration of GSH occurs rapidly. The data indicate that MT cannot be assembled or maintained in the face of decreased GSH levels. Thus, GSH homeostasis becomes critical during physiological events such as phagocytosis which simultaneously induce the assembly of MT and the production of agents like H2O2 that can oxidize GSH.