Anesthesia and analgesia for minor injuries to children

Today's children are rambunctious, playful, and aggressive and are provided through the miracles of modern technology with ample opportunities to injure themselves. As such, they are a source of both joy and terror to their parents. It is a "given" that many of them will injure themselves in the course of growing up. When they come to us in the ED waiting room, they are typically very frightened and usually in pain. We are fortunate that we have techniques and drugs to alleviate this pain and to attenuate their fear. It is our responsibility as anesthesiologists to ensure that these drugs and techniques are used appropriately and cause no further harm. We hope the information contained in this chapter may be of benefit in achieving this goal.     

Phosphofructokinase from mantle tissue of Mytilus galloprovincialis. Purification and effects of phosphorylation on the enzymatic activity

Phosphofructokinase purified from mantle tissue of the sea mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, was phosphorylated "in vitro" by the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. The incorporation of phosphate gave rise to an activation of the enzyme by increasing its affinity for fructose-6-phosphate, by decreasing its sensitivity to the inhibition by ATP and by enhancing the effect of allosteric activators (5'-AMP and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate). In addition, the effects of phosphorylation on the catalytic activity are pH-dependent.     

The necessity of conducting to the end the activities of vector control in the onchocerciasis control program in west Africa: recall of the stakes and proposal of a minimum budget for the period 1998-2002

After a brief presentation of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa (OCP), the authors realize the health and socioeconomic consequences that could follow a cessation of larvicide treatment before 2002 in the south-eastern and western extensions of the Programme. Taking into account that OCP activities are theoretically supported until 1997, but aware of financial constraints that will probably increase from now to 2002, this paper proposes an a minima estimation of the residual vector control activities for a "phasing out" spread out for five years (1998-2002). These estimations essentially concern the larvicide coverage, the insecticides used, the entomological surveillance, the logistical support and their financial aspects. As far as 48 U.S. $ million amount for 5 years are concerned, the budget allocated for vector control activities should not exceed the third of the global amount allocated to OCP for the actual fourth financial phase of the Programme (1992-1997).     

Network flow and 2-satisfiability

We present two algorithms for network flow on networks with infinite capacities and finite integer supplies and demands. The first algorithm runs inO(mK) time on networks withm edges, whereK=O(m²/log⁴ m) is the value of the optimal flow, and can also be applied to the capacitated case by lettingK be the sum of thefinite capacities alone. The second algorithm runs inO(wm logK) time for arbitraryK, where w is a new parameter, thewidth of the network. These algorithms as well as other uses of the notion of width lead to results for several questions on the 2-satisfiability problem: minimizing the weight of a solution, finding the transitive closure, recognizing partial solutions, enumerating all solutions. The results have applications to stable matching, wherew corresponds to the number of people andm to the instance size (usuallym w²).     

3D-line clipping algorithms — a comparative study

Some well-known line-polyhedron intersection methods are summed up and new accelerating modifications presented. Results of comparison of known and newly developed methods are included. New methods use the fact that each line can be described as the intersection of two planes.     

Valence band density of states of small cobalt particles on Si(111) substrate

Small Co particles were prepared by sputter etching of a 4–5 nm thick island-like Co film deposited on Si(111) substrate. The density of states (DOS) of the valence band was measured by means of ultraviolet photoemission (UPS) during the sputter etching to monitor the formation of small Co particles. It was found that at a given thickness of the Co island the Fermi level was shifted by 1.8-1.9 eV toward higher binding energy and theDOS decreased or no states were detectable at the Fermi level. This effect was explained by the formation of small Co particles with electronic structure which is significantly different from that of the bulk Co.     

Minimum cost design of laterally loaded welded rectangular cellular plates

Material and fabrication costs are included in the cost function. The fabrication cost is calculated by three formulae relating to the preparation, welding and additional costs. The design constraints are related to bending stresses, the local buckling of ribs due to bending and shear and to the limitation of the plate thicknesses. The local buckling of the compressed face plate elements is considered by an effective width calculation. In the numerical examples, the variables are the plate dimensions and the numbers of ribs in two directions. The optimization is carried out for steel Fe 360 and Fe 510 and for various values of the fabrication cost factor. The computations are performed by using the backtrack discrete combinatorial method, Rosenbrock's Hillclimb method and the FSQP method developed by Zhou and Tits (1992), and the results are compared with each other.Partly presented at the international conference Structural Optimization '93, Rio de Janeiro, August 2–6, 1993.     

Hydrogenation of aromatics under mild conditions on transition metal complexes in zeolites. A cooperative effect of molecular sieves

The hydrogenation of aromatics, i.e. benzene, toluene, -methylstyrene, anisole, and ethyl benzoate, can be carried out under a very low (1/12000) catalyst to substrate ratio, and mild reaction conditions (80°C, 6 atm of H₂O), on Rh and Ni organometallic complexes anchored on USY zeolites. A strong cooperative effect between the faujasite surface and the transition metal surface complex is thought to be responsible for the simultaneous enhancement of concentrations of arene and H₂ in the neighborhood of the catalytic centers, and for the observed electronic effects.     

Modelling Industrial Wastewater Ozonation In Bubble Contactors. 1. Rate Coefficient Determination

A study of the ozonation of distillery and tomato wastewaters was carried out in a small bubble contactor in order to obtain kinetic data for scaling-up. Thus, several parameters, such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), 254 nm absorbance (A₂₅₄) and organic carbon content (OC), were followed during ozonation at different experimental conditions.

For distillery wastewaters all parameters investigated have the highest decreases during the first minutes of ozonation, A₂₅₄ showing the highest disappearance rates. Thus, during the first fifteen minutes of ozonation an important decrease of the 254 nm absorbance (? 75%) was observed. At further reaction times values of all parameters studied decrease slowly, eventually reaching a plateau value. During approximately the first two hours of reaction, dissolved ozone was never found, which suggested that fast or moderate gas-liquid reactions took place in the wastewaters.     

Synthesis, Structure and Antitumour Properties of a New 1,2-Propylenediaminetetraacetate-Ruthenium(III) Compound

A novel complex formed by ruthenium (III) and the sequestering ligand 1,2-propylenediaminetetraacetic acid (PDTA) has been synthetized and characterized. The structure of the monomeric compound, studied by X-ray diffraction , shows an almost symmetric octahedral geometry around the metal ion, with two chlorine atoms in a cis conformation. The antitumour activity against a variety of murine and human cancers is reported.