Perception of nuclear energy and coal in France and The Netherlands

This study focuses on the perception of large scale application of nuclear energy and coal in the Netherlands and France. The application of these energy-sources and the risks and benefits are judged differently by various group in society. In Europe, France has the highest density of nuclear power plants and the Netherlands has one of the lowest. In both countries scientists and social scientists completed a questionnaire assessing the perception of the large scale application of both energy sources. Furthermore, a number of variables relating to the socio cultural and political circumstances were measured. The results indicate that the French had a higher risk perception and a more negative attitude toward nuclear power than the Dutch. But they also assess the benefits of the use of nuclear power to be higher. Explanations for these differences are discussed.     

Spatial soliton-induced guiding by cross-phase modulation

The authors show that spatial solitons are able to induce the stable guiding of a weak probe beam in a homogeneous Kerr-type nonlinear media through cross-phase modulation (XPM). The modes of the induced waveguide are derived from the propagation equation of the probe. Experiments have been performed in Kerr liquid CS₂, with beams of picosecond duration at infrared and visible wavelengths. Stable guiding of a green probe induced by an IR soliton beam has been demonstrated in several different experimental situations. Induced antiguiding and beam splitting are also reported for pump and probe of perpendicular polarizations. All results are in excellent agreement with numerical simulations of the propagation     

Measurement of synchronous machine rotor angle from analysis ofzero sequence harmonic components of machine terminal voltage

Generator rotor angle measurement is useful in identification of electric machine parameters in the d and q axes and as an indicator of stability of the operating condition. Rotor angle measurements with the appropriate bandwidth are also very useful in observation of rotor torsional oscillations both for monitoring and protection against undamped torsional modes, and for use in control schemes designed to damp torsional oscillations. A method of measurement of synchronous machine rotor angle from an analysis of the phase angle of zero sequence harmonic components of terminal voltage is presented     

Sedation of adult critically ill ventilated patients in intensive care units: a national survey

Pain management presents exciting opportunities for nurse anesthetists. Today there are thousands of pain clinics and pain services dedicated to the diagnosis and treatment of chronic and acute pain. By becoming familiar with the principles involved in the management of chronic and acute pain, the different treatment modalities available, and the organization of pain clinics and pain services, nurse anesthetists will be able to take advantage of the opportunities they provide.     

Ischemia‐reperfusion injury. A phenomenon,that also occurs in the bone

Ischemia‐reperfusion injury of the bone occurs due to traumatic and non‐traumatic alterations affecting blood supply to the bone. It is likely to occur also upon insertion of an implant. Ischemia‐reperfusion injury of the bone has been studied by interruption of blood supply in situ, in limb replantation/transplantation models, in revascularized bone grafts and non‐vascularized bone fragments, as well as in isolated cultured cells. All cells of the bone are affected, including osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, and bone marrow cells. Critical ischemia times for induction of bone cell death, either in the ischemic period or following reperfusion, are in the range of 3 to 7 h. These critical ischemia times are significantly increased by decreasing the temperature from 37 °C to 0–4 °C. Anoxia is the most likely trigger of cell injury in the ischemic phase. In the reperfusion phase, reactive oxygen species are decisively involved in the injurious process. In general, however, the available information on the mechanism of ischemia‐reperfusion injury of the bone is relatively sparse. On the other hand, there are clear similarities to the mechanisms of ischemia‐reperfusion injury known from other organs, and there is a clear potential for protection against ischemia‐reperfusion injury of the bone.     

Flood risk mapping at European scale.

The aim of this article is to illustrate a framework for flood risk mapping at pan-European scale produced by the Weather-Driven Natural Hazards (WDNH) action of the EC-JRC-IES. Early results are presented in the form of flood risk index maps. We assess several flood risk factors that contribute to the occurrence of flood disasters. Among the causal factors of a flood disaster one is triggering a natural event in the form of extreme precipitation and consequently extreme river discharge and extreme flood water levels. The threatening natural event represents the hazard component in our assessment. Furthermore exposure and vulnerability are anthropogenic factors that contribute also to flood risk. In the proposed approach, flood risk is considered on the light of exposure, vulnerability and hazard. We use a methodology with a marked territorial approach for the assessment of the flood risk. Hence, based on mathematical calculations, risk is the product of hazard, exposure and vulnerability. Improvements on datasets availability and spatial scale are foreseen in the next phases of this study. This study is also a contribution to the discussion about the need for communication tools between the natural hazard scientific community and the political and decision making players in this field.     

Implementation of sustainable sanitation in existing urban areas: long-term strategies for an optimised solution.

If technologies for decentralised sanitation and reuse (DESAR) and for natural stormwater management should at least partially replace existing systems, then intensive reconstruction work becomes essential. A conversion can only be realised successively over a long period due to high construction and financial expenses and requires new strategies. This paper presents the development and practical implementation of a mathematical tool to find an optimised strategy for the realisation of alternative and more decentralised drainage and sanitation concepts in existing urban areas. The succession of construction measures (e.g. the implementation of decentralised greywater recycling) for the whole period of consideration is determined based upon a mathematical optimisation model on the condition that the favoured future state is known. The model describes the complex interdependencies of the urban water and nutrient cycle and enables the minimisation of both financial efforts and ecological impacts on the way toward the future state. The results of the implementation for a rural area in Germany show that the mathematical optimisation is an adequate instrument to support decision-making processes in finding strategies for the realisation of sustainable urban water management.     

Longitudinal analysis of semiconductor lasers with low reflectivity facets

An analysis is made of longitudinal effects in semiconductor lasers with low facet reflectivities. For this purpose, a self-consistent model is used based on the beam propagation method, which takes into account both the lateral and longitudinal dimension. The calculations show that longitudinal effects have a significant influence on the output fields in the laser.     

Adjuvant arthritis: influence of the adjuvant volume and composition on the non-specific inflammation

Adjuvant-induced arthritis is an animal model of chronic inflammatory disease widely used in anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drugs testing. When the development and the inhibition of the induced arthritis are measured by the injected paw oedema, it is difficult to delineate the immunological contribution from the persistent non-specific primary section. To study the influence of volume and composition of the injected adjuvant upon the primary non-specific inflammation, we devised a 3X4 factorial experiment on a strain of inbred rats with a low susceptibility to adjuvant-induced arthritis. The injection of mineral oil alone produces a persistent oedema. The injection of mycobacteriae in suspension in saline induces a rapid inflammatory response followed by a fast decrease of the oedema. When complete adjuvant is used, there is always a very strong interaction between the effects of the two components of the adjuvant, i.e. the measured oedemas are much greater than the calculated values, For a given injected volume, the inflammation is maximum when the concentration of mycobacteriae is 2.5 mg/ml. All the rats injected with complete adjuvant present a transient oedema of the non-injected hind paw. This oedema is very small and proportional to the amount of mycobacteria injected.