Effects of Post-Harvest Handling and Processing on Vitamin Contents of Peas

Vitamin contents of peas were measured at various stages of raw product handling, during 1976–1979 seasons, on different cultivars, on different sizes of peas, at various stages of processing, and at different processing plants. Some cultivar differences were shown in ascorbic acid, carotene, and folic acid, and different sizes of peas contained significantly different amounts of ascorbic acid, carotene, and thiamin contents. Profound effects were observed during blanching and thermal processing of peas. Ascorbic acid, thiamin, vitamin B₆, and niacin contents of canned peas were significantly (95% level) lower than those of fresh peas. Also some significant differences in vitamin contents of canned peas among different processing plants were observed.     

Phase Equilibria in the System CaF2-AlF3-Na3AlF6 and Part of the System CaF2-AlF3-Na3AlF6-Al2O3

The complete phase-equilibrium diagram of the system CaF₂-AlF₃-Na₃AlF₆ and the subsolidus portion of the system CaF₂-AlF₃-Na₃AlF₆-Al₂O₃ were established from microscopic, powder X-ray diffraction, quench, and DTA data obtained from samples encapsulated in sealed tubes and either reacted in the solid state or melted and recrystallized. The system Na₃AlF₆-CaF₂ contains a simple eutectic with no compound formation or solid solution. The system CaF₂-AlF₃-Na₃AlF₆ contains two ternary compounds, NaCaAlF₆ and NaCaAl₂F₉, which melt incongruently at 735° and 712°C, respectively; NaCaAlF₆ exists in three polymorphic forms with transitions at 610° and 722°C and NaCaAl₂F₉ is body-centered cubic with a₀= 10.765 Å. The three binary and two ternary compounds divide the system into eight compatibility triangles. Along the NaCaAlF₆-Na₃AlF₆ join, 7 mol% NaCaAlF₆ is soluble in α-cryolite at 525° and 42% in β-cryolite at 731°C. The quaternary system Na₃AlF₆-AlF₃-CaF₂-Al₂O₃ contains eight compatibility tetrahedra.     

Effect of sodium bicarbonate and magnesium oxide in an alfalfa-based total mixed ration fed to early lactating dairy cattle

Forty-eight lactating Holstein cows were fed a total mixed ration of 57% concentrate and 43% forage (dry basis) for 12 wk postpartum. Treatments consisted of 1) no added buffers, 2) .4% MgO, 3) .8% NaHCO3, and 4) .8% NaHCO3 plus .4% MgO of the total ration DM. Body weight, DM intake, and milk yield and composition were unaffected by treatment. Gross efficiency of milk production was decreased by the addition of NaHCO3 or MgO. Buffer supplementation had no effect on ruminal volatile fatty acid concentration or blood chemistries.     

The relationship between in-treatment abstinence and post-treatment abstinence in a smoking cessation treatment.

Previous research has indicated that abstinence early in a smoking cessation program is predictive of successful posttreatment abstinence. However, it has not been established whether or not this effect is independent of other in-treatment abstinence patterns. In this paper the relationship between three potentially important aspects of in-treatment smoking abstinence and posttreatment smoking abstinence are examined: early abstinence, extended abstinence, and end-of-treatment abstinence. We examined the relationship between smoking behavior measured each weekday over 70 visits (approximately 14 weeks) of a contingency management smoking cessation program and at a follow-up visit 6 months after study entry (3 months after the scheduled end of treatment). Ninety-five of 102 participants were successfully followed-up. Seven of these 95 participants were confirmed abstinent. Early abstinence, defined as abstinence during the first 10 treatment visits, was significantly and independently related to follow-up abstinence (OR = 56.67 [7.29–440.63]). Extended abstinence and end-of-treatment abstinence were related to follow-up abstinence, but not independent of early abstinence based on multiple regression models. Inclusion of a variety of demographic and environmental characteristics did not significantly alter this relationship. Thus, consistent with the previous literature, the establishment of early abstinence appears to be crucial to establishing longer-term abstinence, independent of other in-treatment abstinence patterns. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

COMPARISON OF DETOXIFICATION ENZYME mRNAS IN WOODRATS (Neotomalepida) AND LABORATORY RATS

To understand how mammalian herbivores process plant secondary compounds, we examined differences in expression of biotransformation enzyme mRNAs among populations of wild woodrats (Neotoma lepida) and laboratory rats. We compared expression of mRNAs for 10 biotransforming enzymes in five families (CYP, mEH, QOR, GST, and UGT) by using Northern blot analysis. We found significant differences in eight of 10 mRNAs tested. We suggest that the differences in mRNA expression among populations of woodrats and laboratory rats may be due to differences in the secondary compound composition of their diets. Our results provide background for future studies of detoxification strategies in mammalian herbivores that combine pharmacological techniques with an ecological perspective.     

Differential binding of tropane-based photoaffinity ligands on the dopamine transporter

Benztropine and its analogs are tropane ring-containing dopamine uptake inhibitors that produce behavioral effects markedly different from cocaine and other dopamine transporter blockers. We investigated the benztropine binding site on dopamine transporters by covalently attaching a benztropine-based photoaffinity ligand, [125I]N-[n-butyl-4-(4"'-azido-3"'-iodophenyl)]-4', 4"-difluoro-3alpha-(diphenylmethoxy)tropane ([125I]GA II 34), to the protein, followed by proteolytic and immunological peptide mapping. The maps were compared with those obtained for dopamine transporters photoaffinity labeled with a GBR 12935 analog, [125I]1-[2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl]-4-[2-(4-azido-3-iodophenyl)ethy l]p iperazine ([125I]DEEP), and a cocaine analog, [125I]3beta-(p-chlorophenyl)tropane-2beta-carboxylic acid, 4'-azido-3'-iodophenylethyl ester ([125I]RTI 82), which have been shown previously to interact with different regions of the primary sequence of the protein. [125I]GA II 34 became incorporated in a membrane-bound, 14 kDa fragment predicted to contain transmembrane domains 1 and 2. This is the same region of the protein that binds [125I]DEEP, whereas the binding site for [125I]RTI 82 occurs closer to the C terminal in a domain containing transmembrane helices 4-7. Thus, although benztropine and cocaine both contain tropane rings, their binding sites are distinct, suggesting that dopamine transport inhibition may occur by different mechanisms. These results support previously derived structure-activity relationships suggesting that benztropine and cocaine analogs bind to different domains on the dopamine transporter. These differing molecular interactions may lead to the distinctive behavioral profiles of these compounds in animal models of drug abuse and indicate promise for the development of benztropine-based molecules for cocaine substitution therapies.