The genetics of specific reading disability

Members of the immediate families of twenty children with specific reading disability were examined to determine the prevalence of reading disability within the families. A procedure was developed for identifying adults who may have compensated for a disability manifested more clearly in childhood. Forty-five percent of 75 first-degree relatives of the parents were affected and there was a significantly greater number of affected male relatives than females. No single mode of genetic transmission is evident after inspection of the pedigrees. It is suggested that the disorder is genetically heterogeneous and that subgroups of disabled readers should be looked for.     

Gated blood pool imaging following 99mTc stannous pyrophosphate imaging

Cardiac patients who have undergone 99mTc-stannous pyrophosphate (99mTc-PYP) myocardial imaging can be injected 24 hours later with 99mTc-pertechnetate (99mTc04) to assess left ventricular function. Reduction of 99mTc04 by tin remaining in the blood following the stannous pyrophosphate injection causes labeling of the red cells by 99mTc04 and the creation of a vascular tracer suitable for electrocardiographically gated imaging.     

Posthyperventilation apnea associated with severe hypoxemia

We studied a 14-year-old girl who suffered fractures of her mandible and tegmen following a fall from a balance beam. Thirteen days after hospitalization, she developed severe, protracted, recurrent episodes of hyperventilation; subsequently, she suffered posthyperventilation apnea, which at times was prolonged and association with severe hypoxemia with an arterial oxygen pressure as low as 25 mm Hg. The patient was treated with added dead space and chlorpromazine hydrochloride (Thorazine). Postulated mechanisms for her disorder are discussed. The importance of close clinical and laboratory observation in similar cases is stressed.     

Persistent obstructive jaundice, cholangitis, and biliary cirrhosis due to common bile duct stenosis in chronic pancreatitis

Long strictures of the intrapancreatic portion of the common bile duct were found in 6 patients with chronic pancreatitis. These strictures were responsible for painless obstructive jaundice, recurrent cholangitis, secondary biliary cirrhosis, and chronic abdominal pain difficult to distinguish from that caused by pancreatitis. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and intraoperative cholangiography were invaluable in making the diagnosis and in planning surgical correction. Decompression of the biliary tree by anastomosis of the gallbladder or common duct to the small intestine completely relieved symptoms and allowed liver function to improve significantly. Common duct stricture as a complication of chronic pancreatitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of extrahepatic biliary obstruction and whenever surgical treatment of chronic pancreatitis is contemplated.     

Metabolism of 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) by trout liver microsomal mixed function monooxygenase

Metabolism of 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO) has been characterized in trout liver microsomes. Trout liver microsomes have been found to metabolize PPO into at least one NaOH extractable flourescing metabolite having a strong excitation peak at 345 nm and an emission peak at about 510 nm. As the metabolite(s) has (have) not been characterized, Vmax has not been determined, however in arbitary fluorescent units (FU) Vmax is several fold higher in the trout than in the male rat hepatic microsomes. Km is 12.7 M, being about twice as high as reported for mouse (Cantrell et al. 1975). Optimum assay conditions have been established for the metabolism of PPO by trout liver microsomes. NADPH generating system is essential and the metabolism was strongly inhibited by alpha-naphthoflavone, but much less markedly by SKF 525 A or metyrapone.     

Long-term results in the treatment of femoral-shaft fractures in young children by immediate spica immobilization

Manual traction reduction without anesthesia and immediate immobilization in a spica cast were used to treat eighty-five children ranging in age from birth to ten years old who had closed femoral-shaft fractures and no associated injuries. Up to two centimeters of overriding, 30 degrees of anterior angulation, and 15 degrees of medial angulation were accepted. Any angulation in excess of these amounts, or lateral or posterior angulation, was corrected by wedging the cast at the fracture site. Further telescoping of the fracture fragments in the case was attributed to the child pressing the foot against the bottom of the cast and was prevented by removing the sole of the cast. Of the seventy-five children examined two to eighteen years after fracture, none had any residual skeletal deformity or joint stiffness. The length discrepancies of the fractured limbs ranged from 1.7 centimeters of shortening to 0.9 centimeter of overgrowth.     

Development of Formulations and Processes to Incorporate Wax Oleogels in Ice Cream

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of emulsifiers, waxes, fat concentration, and processing conditions on the application of wax oleogel to replace solid fat content and create optimal fat structure in ice cream. Ice creams with 10% or 15% fat were formulated with rice bran wax (RBW), candelilla wax (CDW), or carnauba wax (CBW) oleogels, containing 10% wax and 90% high‐oleic sunflower oil. The ice creams were produced using batch or continuous freezing processes. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cryo‐scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the microstructure of ice cream and the ultrastructure of oleogel droplets in ice cream mixes. Among the wax oleogels, RBW oleogel had the ability to form and sustain structure in 15% fat ice creams when glycerol monooleate (GMO) was used as the emulsifier. TEM images revealed that the high degree of fat structuring observed in GMO samples was associated with the RBW crystal morphology within the fat droplet, which was characterized by the growth of crystals at the outer edge of the droplet. Continuous freezing improved fat structuring compared to batch freezing. RBW oleogels established better structure compared to CDW or CBW oleogels. These results demonstrate that RBW oleogel has the potential to develop fat structure in ice cream in the presence of GMO and sufficiently high concentrations of oleogel.