Non-peptidic HIV protease inhibitors: C2-symmetry-based design of bis-sulfonamide dihydropyrones

Potent, non-peptidic, dihydropyrone sulfonamide HIV protease inhibitors have been previously described. Crystallographic analysis of dihydropyrone sulfonamide inhibitor/HIV protease complexes suggested incorporation of a second, C2 symmetry-related sulfonamide group. Selected bis-sulfonamide dihydropyrone analogues display high HIV protease inhibitory activity.     

Inhibitory action of CGS 21680 on cerebral cortical neurons is antagonized by bicuculline and picrotoxin-is GABA involved?

The possibility of an involvement of endogenously released GABA in the inhibitory actions of A1 and A2a adenosine receptor agonists on rat cerebral cortical neurons discharges was examined using the GABAA antagonists bicuculline and picrotoxin. The A1 agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), the A2a agonist CGS 21680 and the non-selective receptor agonist, adenosine, depressed neuronal firing. Applications of bicuculline or picrotoxin enhanced the spontaneous firing rate of cortical neurons, indicating the presence of ongoing GABA-ergic inhibition. Antagonism of GABAA receptors blocked the depressant effects of CGS 21680 on neuronal firing; was without effect on CPA-evoked inhibitions and tended to reduce the duration of adenosine-evoked inhibitions. These results suggest that the depressant effects of A2a receptor activation are due to an increase in GABA-ergic inhibition, likely as a consequence of increased GABA release. GABA does not appear to be involved in adenosine A1 receptor-mediated inhibition of neuronal firing.     

Phencyclidine (PCP) acts at sigma sites to induce c-fos gene expression

Phencyclidine (PCP) is a compound that results in abnormal human behavior and has been proposed as a chemical model for schizophrenia. It was hypothesized that PCP induction of the immediate-early gene, c-fos, should be seen in areas associated with emotional behavior, such as the cortex and limbic system. It was also proposed that PCP may induce c-fos via the sigma receptor. PCP and two sigma ligands, 1,3-di(2-tolyl)guanidine (DTG) and pentazocine, were shown to induce c-fos in similar patterns. The three compounds abundantly induced c-fos in the cingulate, parietal, and piriform cortices and the midline structures of the thalamus and hypothalamus. Neither PCP nor the sigma ligands induced c-fos in the hippocampus. This suggests that PCP binding at NMDA receptors does not result in significant c-fos induction. Rimcazole, a putative sigma2 receptor antagonist, and other sigma ligands have been shown to ameliorate PCP stereotypic behavior. Rimcazole inhibited PCP c-fos induction in the cingulate and parietal cortices and DTG c-fos induction in the cingulate cortex. DTG shows both sigma1 and sigma2 binding affinity. Rimcazole failed to inhibit pentazocine c-fos induction. Pentazocine binds only to sigma1 receptors. This suggests that PCP may produce a significant fraction of its c-fos induction via sigma2 receptors.     

Flash photolysis of the carbon monoxide compounds of wild-type and mutant variants of cytochrome bo from Escherichia coli

The carbon monoxide compounds of the fully reduced and mixed valence forms of cytochrome bo from Escherichia coli were laser photolysed under anaerobic conditions at room temperature. The carbon monoxide recombined with characteristic rate constants of 50 s-1 or 35 s-1 in the fully reduced and mixed valence forms, respectively. Rates of CO recombination with the fully reduced enzyme were examined in a variety of mutant forms of cytochrome bo, produced by site-directed mutagenesis. A method was developed to deconvolute cytochromes bo and bd, leading to some reassessment of histidine ligands to the metals. Significant changes in the rate constant of recombination of carbon monoxide occurred in many of these mutants and these results could be rationalised generally in terms of our current working model of the folding structure of subunit I. In the mixed valence form of the enzyme the transient photolysis spectra in the visible region are consistent with a rapid electron redistribution from the binuclear centre to the low-spin haem. This electron transfer is biphasic, with rate constants of around 10(5) and 8000 s-1. The process was also examined in the His-333-Leu mutant, in which a putative histidine ligand to CuB is replaced by leucine, and which results in the loss of the CuB. It appeared that rapid haem-haem electron transfer could still occur. The observation that CuB is apparently not required for rapid haem-haem electron transfer is consistent with the recently proposed model in which the two haems are positioned on opposite sides of transmembrane helix X in subunit I of the oxidase.     

Meat tenderness and the calpain proteolytic system in longissimus muscle of young bulls and steers

The objectives of this study were to examine the effects of castration on the calpain proteinase system (mu-calpain, m-calpain, and calpastatin) activities and meat tenderness. Six each, MARC III bulls and steers were slaughtered at approximately 12 mo of age. Longissimus muscle samples were obtained for determining myofibril fragmentation index, Warner-Bratzler shear force, and sensory panel evaluation at 1, 7, and 14 d postmortem, and mu- and m-calpain and calpastatin activities at 24 h postmortem. Bulls produced leaner carcasses with lower (P < .05) quality grades than did steers. Meat from bulls had higher (P < .05) shear force values than meat from steers; however, sensory panelists were unable (P > .05) to detect differences in tenderness or other sensory traits between bulls and steers. Activities of mu- and m-calpain were not affected (P > .05) by castration; however, calpastatin was higher (P < .05) in muscles from the bull carcasses. Lower (P < .05) myofibril fragmentation index values indicate that less proteolysis occurred in muscle from bulls than in muscle from steers during the first 7 d postmortem. Greater calpastatin 24-h activity may be associated with the increased shear force of meat from bulls.     

European medical schools and tobacco

Following a survey in 19 European countries of the habits, attitudes and knowledge of medical students regarding tobacco, World Health Organisation European Office and the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease jointly circulated to the Deans of all European medical schools a summary of the results, including figures for mortality for smoking-related diseases in their countries and a brief questionnaire concerning faculty action on the tobacco problem. The response rate was just over 50%, higher in Northern Europe (66%) than in Southern (35%) or Eastern (38%). Only 8% of faculties had a specific teaching module on tobacco. In most it was either systematically (35%) or unsystematically (55%) integrated in other teaching. Teaching hospitals, teaching areas and faculty meetings were said to be smokefree by over 90%; figures were lower for other areas. Seventy-seven per cent of Deans intended to discuss our approach with their teaching staff; 72% gave the name of a staff member with a particular tobacco interest.