Knowledge of fungal diversity in the environment is poor compared with bacterial biodiversity. In this study, we applied the denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (D-HPLC) technique, combined with the amplification of the ITS1 region from fungal rDNA, for the rapid identification of major fungal species in 9 raw milk samples from cow, ewe and goat, collected at different periods of the year. A total of 27 fungal species were identified. Yeast species belonged to Candida, Cryptococcus, Debaryomyces, Geotrichum, Kluyveromyces, Malassezia, Pichia, Rhodotorula and Trichosporon genera; and mold species belonged to Aspergillus, Chrysosporium, Cladosporium, Engyodontium, Fusarium, Penicillium and Torrubiella genera. Cow milk samples harbored the highest fungal diversity with a maximum of 15 species in a single sample, whereas a maximum of 4 and 6 different species were recovered in goat and ewe milk respectively. Commonly encountered genera in cow and goat milk were Geotrichum candidum, Kluyveromyces marxianus and Candida spp. (C. catenulata and C. inconspicua); whereas Candida parapsilosis was frequently found in ewe milk samples. Most of detected species were previously described in literature data. A few species were uncultured fungi and others (Torrubiella and Malassezia) were described for the first time in milk. 相似文献
This paper reports the results of sixteen experiments of bolted slip-critical connections with fillers. Fifteen of the connections used oversized holes and one connection used standard holes. Such connections with oversized holes are commonly fabricated for use with structures such as long-span trusses, since the use of oversized holes allows erection in-place rather than first assessing fit-up on the ground. Filler plates are used to connect members of different depths or widths. The sixteen experiments reported herein highlight the behavior of bolted steel connections with oversized holes in which fillers are included and are undeveloped, partially developed, or fully developed. Both single-ply and multi-ply fillers are investigated, as are welded developed fillers, and specimens fabricated using either turn-of-the-nut or tension control bolts to pretension the connection. The results augmented with previous literature document the slip and shear strengths of these connections, propose formulas for assessing these strengths for the different conditions investigated, and provide recommendations for design of these types of connections. 相似文献
Some applications such as identification or Monte Carlo based uncertainty quantification often require simple analytical formulas
that are fast to evaluate. Approximate closed-form solutions for the natural frequencies of free orthotropic plates have been
developed and have a wide range of applicability, but, as we show in this article, they lack accuracy for vibration based
material properties identification. This article first demonstrates that a very accurate response surface approximation can
be constructed by using dimensional analysis. Second, the article investigates how the accuracy of the approximation used
propagates to the accuracy of the elastic constants identified from vibration experiments. For a least squares identification
approach, the approximate analytical solution led to physically implausible properties, while the high-fidelity response surface
approximation obtained reasonable estimates. With a Bayesian identification approach, the lower-fidelity analytical approximation
led to reasonable results, but with much lower accuracy than the higher-fidelity approximation. The results also indicate
that standard least squares approaches for identifying elastic constants from vibration tests may be ill-conditioned, because
they are highly sensitive to the accuracy of the vibration frequencies calculation. 相似文献
Semiconducting nanowires have been demonstrated as promising light-harvesting units with enhanced absorption compared to bulk films of equivalent volume. However, for small diameter nanowires, the ultrahigh aspect ratio constrains the absorption to be polarization selective by responding primarily to the transverse magnetic (TM) light. While this effect is useful for polarization-sensitive optoelectronic devices, practical light-harvesting applications demand efficient light absorption in both TM and transverse electric (TE) light. In this study, we engineer the polarization sensitivity and the charge carrier generation in a 50 nm Si nanowire by decorating the surface with plasmonic Au nanoparticles. Using scanning photocurrent microscopy (SPCM) with a tunable wavelength laser, we spatially and spectrally resolve the local enhancement in the TE photocurrent resulting from the plasmonic near-field response of individual nanoparticles and the broad-band enhancement due to surface-enhanced absorption. These results provide guidance to the development and the optimization of nanowire-nanoparticle light-harvesting systems. 相似文献
Heterobimetallic Lewis acid catalysts are broadly useful and methods to recycle them have immediate applications. However, their immobilization through covalent binding can be challenging. Non‐covalent immobilization of supported asymmetric catalysts is attractive due to ease of preparation and potential for reversible binding. We report a novel non‐covalent binding strategy for Shibasaki’s REMB framework {RE=rare earth metal; M=Li, Na, K; B=BINOL; RE:M:B=1:3:3, [M3(sol)n][(BINOLate)3RE] } and explore the reactivity of the supported catalyst.