Stability and change in adult intelligence: I. Analysis of longitudinal covariance structures.

Examines 2 questions of central interest in adult intellectual development—the equivalence of psychometric tests' measurement properties at different ages and the stability of individual differences in intelligence over time. A series of longitudinal factor analyses was performed using the LISREL program to model longitudinal data from K. W. Schaie's (1979, 1983) Seattle Longitudinal Study with individuals aged 20–74 yrs. Ss studied included 162 in Sample 1 and 2,250 in Sample 2. Results indicate complete invariance in the loadings of 5 subtests of the Primary Mental Abilities battery on a general intelligence factor. Individual differences in general intelligence were highly stable over 14-yr epochs, with standardized factor correlations averaging about .9 between adjacent 7-yr testing intervals. Results indicate that most individuals in this relatively select longitudinal sample maintained their relative ordering in intelligence. (50 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Release of proinflammatory cytokines during pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass: heparin-bonded versus nonbonded oxygenators

BACKGROUND: Heparin bonding of the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) circuit may be associated with a reduced inflammatory response and improved clinical outcome. The relative contribution of a heparin-bonded oxygenator (ie, >80% of circuit surface area) to these effects was assessed in a group of pediatric patients. METHODS: Twenty-one pediatric patients undergoing CPB operations were assigned randomly to receive either a heparin-bonded oxygenator (group H, n = 11) or a nonbonded oxygenator (group C, n = 10) in otherwise nonbonded circuits. The two groups were similar in pathology, age, weight, CPB time, and cross-clamp time. Plasma levels of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and interleukin-8, as well as terminal complement complex, neutrophils, and elastase, were analyzed before, during, and after CPB. RESULTS: Significant levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha were not detected in either group. Plasma levels of all other markers increased during and after CPB compared with baseline. Plasma levels of interleukin-6 peaked in both groups 2 hours after the administration of protamine but remained significantly higher in group C 24 hours after operation. Plasma concentrations of interleukin-8 peaked at similar levels in both groups 30 minutes after protamine administration and returned to baseline thereafter. Levels of terminal complement complex and elastase peaked in both groups 30 minutes after protamine administration. Plasma levels of terminal complement complex were significantly higher at the end of CPB and after protamine administration in group C. Elastase levels were significantly higher 2 and 24 hours after CPB in group C. The ventilation time of patients in group H was significantly lower than that of patients in group C: 10 (range, 3 to 24) versus 22 (range, 7 to 24) hours, respectively (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The present study confirms the proinflammatory nature of pediatric operations and demonstrates a lessened systemic inflammatory response with the use of heparin-bonded oxygenators. This is achieved without bonding of the entire circuit, which could have significant cost-benefit implications by negating the need for custom-built heparin-bonded circuitry.     

Gamma ray production cross-sections associated with multiple inelastic scattering of 14 MeV neutrons in lead

The gamma ray angular distributions and differential production cross-sections have been measured for the inelastic scattering of 14 MeV neutrons in lead, using a gamma ray spectrometer based on an associated particle time-of-flight gating technique. The variation of cross-section with sample thickness was measured and the results compared with the predictions of the Monte Carlo computer code MORSE.     

Placement of Substrate Contacts to Minimize Substrate Noise in Mixed-Signal Integrated Circuits

The placement of substrate contacts in epi and non-epi technologies is analyzed in order to control and reduce the substrate noise amplitude and spreading. The choice of small or large substrate contacts or rings for each of the two major technologies is highlighted. Design guidelines for placing substrate contacts so as to improve the noise immunity of digital circuits in mixed-signal smart-power systems are also presented.     

Memory stages and brain asymmetry in chick learning.

Stages of formation of memory and the roles of different forebrain structures in memory formation were investigated by injecting various agents into the brains of chicks close to the time of peck-avoidance training. With L-glutamate injected bilaterally into the hyperstriatum 5 min pretraining, retention was good 1 min posttraining but significantly impaired at 5 min and each subsequent time point from 10 min to 24 hr. With ouabain, retention declined more slowly, showing significant impairment at 15 min and thereafter. With any of 3 protein synthesis inhibitors, retention was still good 60 min posttraining but significantly impaired at 90 min. The 3 time courses of decline of retention are consistent with hypotheses of 3 sequentially dependent stages of memory formation. It appears that both the medial hyperstriatum and the lateral neostriatum are required for formation of memory. Agents that are specific for a presumed stage of memory formation and whose action is restricted spatially should help reveal the roles of different brain structures in different stages of memory formation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Family risk factors, parental depression, and psychopathology in offspring.

Associations between parents' poor marital adjustment, parent–child discord, affectionless control, low family cohesion, and parental divorce and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) diagnoses were explored in a study of 220 offspring of parents with and without major depression. Family risk factors were more prevalent among offspring of depressed parents. Risk factors were associated with major depression and any diagnosis for children of nondepressed parents; they were associated with conduct disorder for both groups. Parental depression was more important than family risk factors in models predicting major depression, anxiety disorders, and any diagnosis. Both parental depression and family risk factors were significant predictors of conduct disorder. Implications for the etiology of psychopathology and for analytic strategies are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Studies on non-enzymic browning in orange juice using a model system based on freshly squeezed orange juice

An orange juice based model system was set up wherein variables such as the addition of glucose, lysine, sorbitol and L -ascorbic acid and changes in pH and storage temperature were introduced to study their effects on L -ascorbic acid degradation and on browning. The addition of glucose, lysine and sorbitol did not have a significant effect on L -ascorbic acid degradation, whereas added L -ascorbic acid acted solely as a reserve material. In terms of browning, a change in pH and storage at elevated temperature produced a synergistic effect in the development of brown colour which was enhanced by the introduction of additives. Based on the results obtained, L -ascorbic acid appears to be the precursor in the non-enzymic browning occurring in this type of sample due to the formation of reactive carbonyl compounds produced upon its degradation which tend to polymerise, or to react with nitrogenous compounds, to give brown pigments.     

针对GPON突发模式接收器的低功耗FPGA解决方案

带服务能够支持三重应用（即支持语音、视频和数据）至第一英里的客户，例如持续发展的小商业和住宅。FTTx中的主角是GPON（吉比特无源光网络，Gigabit Passive Optical Network），它提供较高的带宽替代DSL和电缆的基于光纤的网络。FTTx为家庭的第一英里应用，诸如光纤到户（FTTH），